| Aflatoxins |
B1
B2
G1
G2 |
Maize, peanuts, copra, corn, coffee beans, rice, sorghum, soybean |
Cause hepatic and extrahepatic carcinogenesis by inducing DNA single-strain breaks; Direct contact of AFB1 with skin can result in tumor formation, hair loss, erythema and ulcer; Decrease the proliferation of gastrointestinal epithelial cells; AFB1 is associated with genotoxicity in isolated epithelial cells of jejunum; In high doses, suppresses the alternative pathway of complement activation; Inhalation of AFB1 causes primary lung cancer; It inhibits the production and function of natural killer cells; Repeated exposure of mice to AFB1 causes the decline of CD3 and CD8 T cells in intestinal mucosa.
|
[353,356,357,358] |
| Ochratoxins |
A |
barley, wheat, coffee beans, citrus, grape, beer, fruits, soybean, cereals; dried fruits; breast milk of exposed mothers; smoked and salted dried fish; cheese |
Causes porcine and poultry nephropathy; damages the integrity of renal epithelial cells; Long-term exposure is associated with impairment of renal function, which leads to enzymuria, polyuria; red tongue, thirst, bitter taste; Induces the increase in reactive oxygen species in rat proximal tubule cells, leading to the depletion of intracellular gluthatione and cell death; Exhibits a neurotoxicity effect in human astrocytes, acting as an anti-proliferation agent and mediating mitochondria-dependent apoptosis.
|
[359,360,361,362,363] |
| Fumonisins |
Maize; rice, wheat, sorghum; barley, oats |
Affect newborns neural tube development; cause brain lesion in horses and pulmonary edema in pigs; Disrupt the myelin synthesis process, causing leukoencephalomalacia in horses; Alter the cytokine profile of different organs and cell types, mediating the increased expression of TNF-α and interleukin-1β in mouse liver and kidney.
|
[337,364,365,366] |
| Zearalenone |
Maize; wheat; barley; oats; grains; animal feed |
Affect the reproductive system of laboratory animals, determining the appearance of changes in reproductive tract, reduced fertility, and increased embryo-lethal resorption, and affecting the progesterone and estradiol serum level; Induce liver lesions and alter the hepatic function of rabbits and rats; Stimulate the growth of human breast cancer cells.
|
[367,368,369,370,371] |
| Patulin |
Fruits; fruit juices, cheese, wheat |
Induces erythrocyte death (eryptosis) by stimulating the entry of Ca2+ inside the cells; Repeated exposure of rats to sub-acute administration of patulin causes neurotoxicity (tremors, convulsion) and ATPase inhibition with direct consequences in lipid metabolism; Long-term exposure leads to decreasing sperm count.
|
[372,373,374] |
| Trichothecenes |
Deoxynivalenol |
Maize; wheat; barley; oats; grains; animal feed |
Vomiting, digestive disorders, oxidative damage, reproductive toxicity; Inhibits protein and nucleic acid synthesis through direct binding of ribosomal peptide transferase active sites and activation of cell kinases; Triggers MAPK mediated up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and apoptosis; Exhibit strong embryo toxicity (decreasing fetal body weight, crown-rump length and vertebral ossification).
|
[337,375,376,377,378] |
| Nivalenol |
Increase levels of MAPKs and phosphatase; Causes nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting; Increases IgA concentration and its accumulation in the glomerular mesangium; Inhibits the proliferation of human mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes, thus exerting immunosuppressive effects.
|
[337,379,380] |
| T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin |
Maize, oat, barley, wheat, rice, soybean |
Acute poisoning symptoms such as: nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea, bloody stools, weight loss and decreased immunity; Affect cell cycle, causing chondrocytes, astrocytes, hepatocytes and epidermal basal cell apoptosis; TReduce antibody formation and alter leukocytes counts; Affect the innate immune response by decreasing the activity of blood alkaline phosphatase.
|
[337,381,382,383,384,385] |
