Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population
| Socio-demographic characteristics | Surveyed children n = (41,640) |
|---|---|
| N (%) | |
| Locality (Urban/ Rural) | |
| Urban | 19,422 (46.6%) |
| Rural | 22,218 (53.4%) |
| Social class | |
| Low | 13,586 (32.6%) |
| Middle | 13,887 (33.4%) |
| High | 14,167 (34.0%) |
| Geographical Distribution | |
| Cities | 6919 (16.6%) |
| Lower Egypt | 15,892 (38.2%) |
| Upper Egypt | 14,344 (34.5%) |
| Frontier | 4485 (10.8%) |
| Mean no of households ± SD | 4.97 ± 1.281 |
| Sex | |
| Surveyed boys | 21,437 (51.5%) |
| Surveyed girls | 20,203 (48.5%) |
| Age | |
| 1- < 3 years | 8383 (20.1%) |
| 3- < 6 years | 12,933 (31.1%) |
| 6–12 years | 20,324 (48.8%) |
| School attendance statusa (n = 20,332) | |
| Child goes to school | 19,470 (95.8%) |
| Does not go to school | 858 (4.2%) |
| Mean Mother age at giving birth ± SD | 26.06 ± 6.13 |
| Mean Current maternal age ± SD | 32.04 ± 6.81 |
| Mothers Education | |
| Illiterate/ below high school | 16,046 (38.5%) |
| High School | 18,609 (44.7%) |
| University or higher | 6674 (16.0%) |
| Fathers Education | |
| Illiterate/ below high school | 14,666 (35.2%) |
| High School | 18,390 (44.2%) |
| University or higher | 6662 (16.0%) |
| Mothers´ work | |
| Employed | 6014 (14.4%) |
| Unemployed | 35,315 (84.8%) |
| Presence of mothers or fathers | |
| No father in the HH | 1922 (4.6%) |
| No mother in the HH | 299 (0.7%) |
| Prenatal, natal and neonatal problems | |
| History of Premature delivery (< 37 weeks gestation) | 413 (1%) |
| History of Low birth weight (LBW) (< 2500 g) | 1848 (4.4%) |
| Children with history of jaundice after birth | 11,028 (26.5%) |
| Children with history of cyanosis after birth | 546 (1.3%) |
| Children with history of any convulsions after birth | 675 (1.6%) |
| Children kept in an incubator for more than two days | 3078 (7.4%) |
| Children with history of meningitis after birth | 378 (0.9%) |
| Twins | 1774 (4.3%) |
| Mothers have any health problem during pregnancyb | 2770 (6.6%) |
| Difficult laborc | 6092 (14.6%) |
| Disabled mothersd | 373 (0.9%) |
aof children aged 6 -12 years,
bMothers having complications during pregnancy such as gestational diabetes, hypertension, iron deficiency anemia, anxiety, depression, or infection [18]
cDifficult labor refers to prolongation in the duration of labor, especially in the first stage of labor. It can be a contributor to maternal mortality and morbidity if unrecognized or untreated [13]
ddisabled mother: physically or mentally disabled; Hearing, Vision, Mental, Movement, Speech [99, 100]