Table 2.
Effects of probiotic supplementation on liver-related outcomes in adults with NAFLD.
| Country | N | Intervention | Duration * | Key Liver Outcomes | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain | 28 |
Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus |
12 | Reduced ALT, AST, and GGT levels | [158] |
| Iran | 72 | Probiotic-enriched yogurt | 8 | Reduced ALT and AST levels | [159] |
| Egypt | 30 | Lactobacillus acidophilus | 4 | Reduced ALT and AST levels, no change in AUS findings | [118] |
| Ukraine | 75 | Lactobacilli, Bifidobacteria, and Streptococcus thermophilus | 12 | Decreased ALT levels and liver stiffness | [160] |
| Ukraine | 58 | Multistrain probiotic | 8 | Decreased fatty liver index, reduced AST and GGT levels | [161] |
| Korea | 68 | Multistrain probiotic | 12 | Decreased intrahepatic fat | [162] |
| Iran | 89 | Multistrain probiotic | 12 | Decreased ALT, AST, GGT, and ALP levels | [163] |
| Iran | 53 | Bacillus coagulans plus inulin | 12 | Decreased levels ALT and GGT levels, improved steatosis | [164] |
| Malaysia | 33 | Multistrain probiotic | 24 | No significant changes in steatosis, inflammation, fibrosis, or ALT levels | [165] |
| United Kingdom | 35 | VSL#3 | 10 | No significant changes in transaminases, fibrosis risk score and ASQ | [166] |
* Duration is shown in weeks. Abbreviations: ALP: alkaline phosphatase; ALT: alanine transaminase; ASQ: acoustic structure quantification; AUS: abdominal ultrasound; AST: aspartate transaminase; GGT: gamma-glutamyltransferase.