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. 2023 Jun 1;15(6):1637. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061637

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Pseudo-ternary phase diagrams of microemulsions containing oleic acid as the oil phase. (a) represents the phase diagrams of microemulsions with polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (PSM) as a surfactant (S) and ethanol as a cosurfactant (CoS) (PSM/ethanol, S/CoS); (b) represents the phase diagrams of microemulsions with PSM as a surfactant and 2-propanol as a cosurfactant (PSM/propanol, S/CoS); (c) represents the phase diagrams of microemulsions with PSM as a surfactant and 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy) ethanol (DEGEE) as a cosurfactant (PSM/DEGEE, S/CoS). The weight ratios of surfactant to cosurfactant are represented by K_m. The percentage of the microemulsion (ME) regions in the overall phase diagrams is indicated by the numbers within the respective areas.