FIG 5.

Expression levels of AMPs in hemocytes after infection. (A to C) Time-course analysis of several AMP genes regulated by the Toll pathway in H. armigera hemocytes after infection by qRT-PCR. WT, 5th-instar H. armigera larvae injected with 10⁴ conidia of WT (B. bassiana ARSEF 2860). BbVRF1, 5th-instar H. armigera larvae injected with 10⁴ conidia of BbVRF1. Data are shown as means ± standard error of the mean (SEM) of three biological replicates (n = 24). Asterisks indicate significant differences: *, P ≤ 0.05; **, P ≤ 0.01; ***, P ≤ 0.001 (Student’s t test).