TABLE 4.

Membrane-active small molecules against the persister and biofilm of S. aureus

Membrane-active small molecules/AMPs	Structure of Small molecules/AMPs	S. aureus strain	Activity against S. aureus persister	Activity against S. aureus biofilm	References
nTZDpa – nonthiazolidinedione peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma partial agonist		MRSA-MW2 BAA-1707	32 μg/mL reduction ~2-log and 64 μg/mL eradicated ~5 × 107 CFU/mL MRSA persister in 2 h	16 μg/mL eradicated ~107 CFU/mL MRSA MW2 within 2 h	187
NH125 – WalK inhibitor		MRSA-MW2 BAA-1707	5 μg/mL eradicated 5 × 107−108 CFU/mL S. aureus persister within 4 h		25
CD437 – synthetic retinoid		MRSA-MW2 BAA-1707	At 8–10× MIC eradicated, the persister of S. aureus within 1–4 h	90% MRSA persister biofilm killing at 16× MIC	100
CD1530 – synthetic retinoid		MRSA-MW2 BAA-1707	At 8–10× MIC eradicated, the persister of S. aureus within 1–4 h	100% MRSA persister biofilm killing at 32× MIC	100
α-mangostin – natural xanthone		MRSA-MW2 BAA-1707	Eradicated 99.99% of S. aureus persister within 30 min of treatment	Disrupted (96%) and inhibited (90%) the biofilm of S. aureus	105