Table 6.
Urinary cypermethrin metabolites (GM (GSD), nmole/g creatinine) of organic farmers, classified by age, sex, insecticide use at home in the past 1 year, home use of insecticides (Aswin, Ars, Baygon, Shieldtox, and mosquito coils), and daily vegetable intake.
| 3-PBA | Cis-DCCA | Trans-DCCA | Cis,trans-DCCA | Total Cypermethrin | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GM (GSD) | p-Value | GM (GSD) | p-Value | GM (GSD) | p-Value | GM (GSD) | p-Value | GM (GSD) | p-Value | |
| Age 1 | ||||||||||
| 1. <35 | 4.52 (1.45) | 0.129 | 9.42 (1.58) | 0.073 | 7.94 (1.66) | 0.311 | 18.54 (1.33) | 0.185 | 25.15 (1.37) | 0.170 |
| 2. 35–60 | 5.57 (3.28) | 16.63 (2.68) | 10.54 (2.60) | 27.89 (2.58) | 35.44 (2.56) | |||||
| 3. >60 | 3.85 (2.75) | 12.53 (2.09) | 8.59 (2.15) | 22.25 (2.04) | 27.94 (2.07) | |||||
| Sex 2 | ||||||||||
| Male | 3.91 (2.97) | <0.001 * | 13.13 (2.38) | 0.007 * | 8.99 (2.41) | 0.064 | 23.02 (2.30) | 0.021 * | 27.66 (2.29) | 0.008 * |
| Female | 6.81 (3.11) | 18.35 (2.65) | 11.26 (2.54) | 30.34 (2.56) | 38.04 (2.56) | |||||
| Insecticide use at home in the past 1 year 2 | ||||||||||
| Yes | 6.72 (3.59) | 0.145 | 20.66 (3.00) | 0.055 | 10.89 (2.79) | 0.584 | 32.69 (2.84) | 0.138 | 40.29 (2.84) | 0.131 |
| No | 4.91 (3.05) | 14.72 (2.45) | 9.91 (2.44) | 25.43 (2.38) | 31.18 (2.38) | |||||
| Type of insecticide used at home | ||||||||||
| Baygon 2,3 | ||||||||||
| Yes | 6.67 (3.58) | 0.607 | 18.83 (2.86) | 0.544 | 10.45 (2.92) | 0.924 | 29.69 (2.82) | 0.723 | 36.93 (2.87) | 0.716 |
| No | 5.56 (3.07) | 15.68 (2.61) | 0.16 (2.53) | 26.79 (2.51) | 33.25 (2.50) | |||||
| Shieldtox 2,3 | ||||||||||
| Yes | 6.27 (2.28) | 0.839 | 18.04 (1.54) | 0.785 | 10.78 (2.25) | 0.899 | 29.52 (1.70) | 0.841 | 36.32 (1.73) | 0.854 |
| No | 5.58 (3.11) | 15.79 (2.64) | 10.15 (2.55) | 26.86 (2.54) | 33.32 (2.53) | |||||
| Mosquito coil 2,3 | ||||||||||
| Yes | 7.12 (3.75) | 0.320 | 21.59 (3.30) | 0.137 | 11.72 (2.85) | 0.503 | 34.72 (3.07) | 0.208 | 43.06 (3.05) | 0.205 |
| No | 5.43 (2.99) | 15.27 (2.51) | 10.07 (2.50) | 26.20 (2.44) | 32.47 (2.43) | |||||
| Daily vegetable intake 2 | ||||||||||
| Yes | 9.18 (2.30) | 0.011 * | 15.56 (2.68) | 0.196 | 9.19 (2.95) | 0.316 | 25.47 (2.69) | 0.226 | 35.37 (2.54) | 0.114 |
| No | 6.66 (2.03) | 13.14 (2.31) | 8.31 (2.50) | 22.24 (2.27) | 29.34 (2.17) | |||||
1 Multiple comparisons with the Tukey on the natural logs of metabolite concentration, 2 t-test on the natural logs of metabolite concentration. 3 Main ingredients of insecticide used at home. Baygon sprays contain cypermethrin (0.1%) and other pyrethroids, imiprotin (0.03%), and prallethrin (0.03%) [22]. Shieldtox sprays contain other pyrethroids, prallethrin 0.076%, and D-phenothrin 0.046% [23]. Mosquito coils are of different brands with different active ingredients, but the main active ingredients are also pyrethroids, dimefluthrin, allethrin, metofluthrin, etc. [24,25]. * Significant at a p-value < 0.05.