Table 7.

Urinary cypermethrin metabolites (GM(GSD), nmole/g creatinine) of conventional farmers, classified by age, sex, insecticide use at home in the past 1 year, cypermethrin use on their farm, and the use of insecticides at home (Aswin, Ars, Baygon, Shieldtox, and the mosquito coil) did not report taking a bath immediately after spraying, kept all used chemical containers at home for disposal, and had a daily intake of vegetables.

	3-PBA		Cis-DCCA		Trans-DCCA		Cis,trans-DCCA		Total Cypermethrin
	GM (GSD)	p-Value	GM (GSD)	p-Value	GM (GSD)	p-Value	GM (GSD)	p-Value	GM (GSD)	p-Value
Age 1
1. <35	4.14 (3.30)	0.287	12.07 (2.50)	0.090	6.82 (2.52)	0.016, (1–2) p = 0.013, (1–3) p = 0.046	20.16 (2.26)	0.053, (1–2) p = 0.042	24.94 (2.33)	0.056,
2. 35–60	6.33 (3.25)		18.76 (2.41)		11.84 (2.41)		31.74 (2.31)		39.45 (2.33)	(1–2) p = 0.044
3. >60	6.09 (3.58)		18.22 (2.57)		11.88 (2.13)		30.96 (2.29)		38.15 (2.38)
Sex 2
Male	5.67 (3.41)	0.241	16.35 (2.50)	0.022 *	10.87 (2.47)	0.477	28.46 (2.36)	0.112	35.32 (2.40)	0.119
Female	7.08 (3.02)		22.61 (2.25)		12.00 (2.22)		35.18 (2.19)		43.63 (2.20)
Insecticide use at home in the past 1 year 2
Yes	5.89 (3.33)	0.480	18.11 (2.26)	0.389	11.21 (2.37)	0.791	30.43 (2.29)	0.544	37.46 (2.33)	0.831
No	7.13 (3.26)		15.21 (2.84)		10.63 (2.73)		27.11 (2.66)		35.94 (2.64)
Cypermethrin use on the farm 2
Yes	9.77 (2.66)	<0.001 *	24.37 (2.28)	<0.001 *	12.76 (2.39)	0.040 *	37.82 (2.25)	<0.001 *	48.52 (2.33)	<0.001 *
No	3.97 (3.38)		13.60 (2.41)		9.94 (2.38)		24.74 (2.27)		29.83 (2.30)
Type of insecticide used at home
ARS 2,3
Yes	9.24 (2.54)	0.052	25.31 (2.18)	0.043 *	12.46 (2.27)	0.515	38.02 (2.18)	0.151	48.04 (2.17)	0.123
No	5.58 (3.45)		17.22 (2.44)		11.02 (2.41)		29.41 (2.31)		36.20 (2.36)
Baygon 2,3
Yes	8.03 (2.93)	<0.001 *	21.02 (2.46)	0.008 *	12.54 (2.36)	0.043 *	34.74 (2.29)	0.012 *	43.83 (2.31)	0.004 *
No	4.05 (3.57)		14.92 (2.30)		9.67 (2.40)		25.59 (2.25)		30.75 (2.30)
Shieldtox 2,3
Yes	5.89 (3.61)	0.958	17.12 (2.46)	0.734	11.63 (2.49)	0.816	29.98 (2.34)	0.924	36.94 (2.42)	0.914
No	5.98 (3.33)		18.27 (2.43)		11.14 (2.38)		30.49 (2.30)		37.68 (2.34)
Mosquito coil 2,3
Yes	6.09 (3.29)	0.662	18.69 (2.43)	0.358	11.61 (2.37)	0.289	31.57 (2.29)	0.245	38.86 (2.32)	0.307
No	5.54 (3.64)		16.18 (2.41)		9.89 (2.46)		26.61 (2.33)		33.31 (2.43)
Did not take a bath immediately after spraying 2
Yes	11.12 (2.20)	<0.001 *	25.32 (2.25)	<0.001 *	13.69 (2.32)	0.014 *	40.07 (2.18)	<0.001 *	52.01 (2.15)	<0.001 *
No	4.34 (3.49)		14.77 (2.44)		10.01 (2.41)		25.85 (2.31)		31.32 (2.35)
Kept all used chemical containers at home for disposal 2
Yes	9.25 (2.48)	<0.001 *	22.44 (2.27)	<0.001 *	12.34 (2.30)	0.092	35.41 (2.22)	0.005 *	45.42 (2.22)	<0.001 *
No	3.88 (3.66)		14.06 (2.52)		10.06 (2.49)		25.49 (2.36)		30.57 (2.40)
Daily vegetable intake 2
Yes	7.25 (3.04)	0.007 *	20.28 (2.47)	0.013 *	12.40 (2.39)	0.039 *	34.16 (2.30)	0.010 *	42.65 (2.32)	0.008 *
No	4.63 (3.56)		14.84 (2.39)		9.63 (2.38)		25.22 (2.28)		31.02 (2.33)

¹ Multiple comparisons with the Tukey scores on the natural logs of metabolite concentration; p-value refers to the overall ANOVA and p-value of each subgroup; ² t-test on the natural logs of metabolite concentration. ³ Main ingredients of insecticide used at home. ARS sprays contain imiprothrin 0.2%, cypermethrin 0.1% [21]. Baygon sprays contain cypermethrin (0.1%) and other pyrethroids, imiprotin (0.03%), and prallethrin (0.03%) [22]. Shieldtox sprays contain other pyrethroids, prallethrin 0.076%, and D-phenothrin 0.046% [23]. Mosquito coils have different brands with different active ingredients, but the main active ingredients are also pyrethroids, dimefluthrin, allethrin, metofluthrin, etc. [24,25]. * Significant at a p-value < 0.05.