Table 1.

Summary of the challenges in multimetal additive manufacturing via powder bed fusion and their solutions.

Challenge	Solution
Material Compatibility	Selection of compatible materials, optimization of printing parameters, post-processing techniques such as diffusion bonding or brazing
Porosity	High printing temperatures, lower printing speeds, lower layer height, use of support materials
Cracks	Optimization of printing parameters, use of support structures, post-processing techniques such as annealing and coating
Loss of Alloying Elements	Optimization of printing parameters, use of pre-alloyed powders or wires, post-processing techniques such as annealing or heat treatment
Oxide Inclusions	Use of inert or reducing atmospheres, post-processing techniques such as hot isostatic pressing (HIP) or hot forging
Interfacial Phases and Unmelted Particles	Use of interlayers or transition layers, using multiple lasers, post-processing techniques such as hot isostatic pressing (HIP) or hot forging
Thermal and Mechanical Mismatch	Laser shock peening, annealing, hot isostatic pressing
Surface Finishing	Electrochemical polishing, abrasive flow machining, laser-assisted polishing
Residual Stresses	Shot peening, thermal stress relief, vibratory stress relief
Corrosion and Wear Resistance	Chemical passivation, plasma nitriding, electroless plating