Table 2.
Overview of the main characteristics of the reviewed works (N = 23).
| Characteristic | Studies, n (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| Year of publication | ||
| 2022 | 4 (17.3%) | |
| 2021 | 9 (39.1%) | |
| 2020 | 5 (21.7%) | |
| 2019 | 3 (13%) | |
| 2018 | 1 (4.3%) | |
| 2017 | 0 (0%) | |
| 2016 | 1 (4.3%) | |
| Problems addressed | ||
| Animal welfare | 11 (47.8%) | |
| Wildlife monitoring | 6 (26.1%) | |
| Animal production | 5 (21.7%) | |
| Domestic animal monitoring | 1 (4.3%) | |
| Target species | ||
| Cows | 8 (34.8%) | |
| Horses | 3 (13%) | |
| Pigs | 2 (8.7%) | |
| Felines | 2 (8.7%) | |
| Dogs | 2 (8.7%) | |
| Sheep | 2 (8.7%) | |
| Fish | 1 (4.3%) | |
| Camouflaged animals | 1 (4.3%) | |
| Primates | 1 (4.3%) | |
| Koalas | 1 (4.3%) | |
| Goats | 1 (4.3%) | |
| Birds | 1 (4.3%) | |
| Sensor fusion application | ||
| Activity detection | 12 (52.2%) | |
| Posture detection | 11 (47.8%) | |
| Health screening | 4 (17.4%) | |
| Identity recognition | 2 (8.6%) | |
| Camouflaged animal detection | 1 (4.3%) | |
| Emotion classification | 1 (4.3%) | |
| Personality assessment | 1 (4.3%) | |
| Social behavior analysis | 1 (4.3%) | |
| Spatial proximity measurement | 1 (4.3%) | |
| Animal-computer interface | ||
| Collar | 11 (47.8%) | |
| Natural (vision, audio) | 7 (30.4%) | |
| Ear-tag | 4 (17.4%) | |
| Vest | 1 (4.3%) | |
| Localization devices on a girth strap | 1 (4.3%) | |
| Hock strap | 1 (4.3%) | |
| Sensors technology | ||
| Accelerometer | 14 (60.7%) | |
| Camera (visual spectrum range) | 8 (34.8%) | |
| Gyroscope | 7 (30.4%) | |
| Magnetometer | 5 (21.7%) | |
| Global Positioning System (GPS) | 3 (13%) | |
| Camera (IR spectrum range) | 3 (13%) | |
| Global Navigation Satellite System | 2 (8.7%) | |
| Pedometer | 1 (4.3%) | |
| Wireless ad-hoc system for positioning | 1 (4.3%) | |
| Real-time locating system | 1(4.3%) | |
| Microphone | 1 (4.3%) | |
| Optic flow sensor | 1 (4.3%) | |
| Weather sensor | 1 (4.3%) | |
| Fusion level | ||
| Features/medium level | 9 (39.1%) | |
| Classification/regression/late/decision | 8 (34.8%) | |
| Raw/Early fusion | 7 (30.4%) | |
| Not specified | 1 (4.3%) | |