Table 2.
Moderation effects on study outcomes.
| Outcome | Moderator | k | N | Estimate (95% CI) | SE |
|
|
P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Psychopathology | Baseline (
: 0.52, 0.06) |
14 | 56 | 0.28 (0.14, 0.42) | 0.07 | |||
| Clinical setting | 14 | 56 | 0.26 | 1.00 | 0.004* | |||
| Inpatients | 4 | 15 | –0.05 (−0.28, 0.19) | 0.12 | ||||
| Outpatients | 10 | 41 | 0.43 (0.29, 0.57) | 0.07 | ||||
| Comparison group | 14 | 56 | 0.22 | 1.00 | 0.008* | |||
| Occupational therapy | 2 | 8 | 0.49 (0.16, 0.81) | 0.17 | ||||
| Treatment as usual | 11 | 45 | 0.29 (0.16, 0.42) | 0.07 | ||||
| Video games | 1 | 3 | −0.61 (−1.19, −0.03) | 0.30 | ||||
| Quality of life | Baseline (
: 0.11, 0.59) |
9 | 28 | 0.30 (−0.05, 0.65) | 0.18 | |||
| Clinical setting | 9 | 28 | 0.17 | 0.88 | 0.004* | |||
| Inpatients | 3 | 7 | 0.89 (0.52, 1.26) | 0.19 | ||||
| Outpatients | 6 | 21 | −0.07 (−0.36, 0.23) | 0.15 | ||||
| Intervention group | 9 | 28 | 0.31 | 1.00 | 0.012* | |||
| Aerobic exercise | 3 | 6 | 0.80 (0.45, 1.14) | 0.18 | ||||
| High-intensity interval training | 1 | 3 | 0.77 (0.27, 1.28) | 0.26 | ||||
| Light–moderate aerobic exercise | 3 | 16 | −0.24 (−0.41, −0.07) | 0.09 | ||||
| Yoga | 2 | 3 | 0.23 (−0.18, 0.64) | 0.21 | ||||
| Comparison group | 9 | 28 | 0.11 | 0.44 | 0.14 | |||
| Follow-up | 9 | 28 | 0.90 | 0.08 | 0.008* | |||
| No | 7 | 26 | 0.22 (−0.12, 0.55) | 0.17 | ||||
| Yes | 2 | 2 | 1.11 (0.46, 1.77) | 0.33 | ||||
| Anthropometric measurements and composition | Baseline (
: 0.00, 0.06) |
9 | 20 | 0.10 (−0.10, 0.30) | 0.10 | |||
| Clinical setting | 9 | 20 | 0.00 | 0.84 | 0.24 | |||
| Intervention group | 9 | 20 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.32 | |||
| Comparison group | 9 | 20 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.55 | |||
| Cardiorespiratory fitness | Baseline (
: 0.00, 0.47) |
10 | 28 | 0.13 (−0.24, 0.51) | 0.16 | |||
| Clinical setting | 10 | 28 | 0.00 | 0.80 | 0.01* | |||
| Inpatients | 3 | 6 | 0.21 (−0.16, 0.50) | 0.14 | ||||
| Outpatients | 7 | 22 | 0.31 (0.02, 0.61) | 0.15 | ||||
| Intervention group | 10 | 28 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.051 | |||
| Comparison group | 10 | 28 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.19 | |||
| ADL | Baseline (
: 0.00, 0.04) |
7 | 13 | 0.26 (0.09, 0.43) | 0.09 | |||
| Clinical setting | 7 | 13 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.14 | |||
| Intervention group | 7 | 13 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.42 | |||
| Comparison group | 7 | 13 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.72 | |||
| Cognitive function | Baseline (
: 0.21, 0.71) |
6 | 47 | 0.01 (−0.55, 0.58) | 0.29 | |||
| Intervention group | 6 | 47 | 0.00 | 0.18 | 0.88 | |||
| Comparison group | 6 | 47 | 0.00 | 0.15 | 0.49 | |||
| Follow-up | 6 | 47 | 0.10 | 0.00 | 0.11 | |||
| Muscular strength | Baseline (
: 0.00, 0.00) |
3 | 6 | 0.52 (0.22, 0.81) | 0.15 | |||
| Clinical setting | 3 | 6 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.43 | |||
| Intervention group | 3 | 6 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.64 | |||
| Comparison group | 3 | 6 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.35 | |||
| Physical function | Baseline (
: 0.91, 0.00) |
8 | 17 | 0.50 (−0.07, 1.06) | 0.29 | |||
| Clinical setting | 8 | 17 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.96 | |||
| Intervention group | 8 | 17 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.88 | |||
| Comparison group | 8 | 17 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.49 | |||
| Follow-up | 8 | 17 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.11 | |||
| Physical health biomarkers | Baseline (
: 0.37, 0.17) |
7 | 25 | 0.05 (−0.24, 0.33) | 0.14 | |||
| Clinical setting | 7 | 25 | 0.10 | 0.07 | 0.51 | |||
| Intervention group | 7 | 25 | 0.29 | 1.00 | 0.13 | |||
| Comparison group | 7 | 25 | 0.75 | 0.00 | 0.036* | |||
| Occupational therapy | 3 | 10 | 0.34 (−0.07, 0.75) | 0.21 | ||||
| Treatment as usual | 3 | 13 | −0.24 (−0.66, 0.18) | 0.22 | ||||
| Video games | 2 | 2 | −0.09 (−0.97, 0.79) | 0.45 | ||||
| Follow-up | 7 | 25 | 0.00 | 0.54 | 0.52 | |||
| Psychological biomarkers | Baseline (
: 0.26, 0.00) |
3 | 4 | −0.12 (−0.40, 0.17) | 0.15 | |||
| Clinical setting | 3 | 4 | 0.36 | 0.00 | 0.30 | |||
| Intervention group | 3 | 4 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.20 | |||
| Stress and anxiety | Baseline (
: 0.00, 0.00) |
2 | 3 | 0.14 (−0.11, 0.40) | 0.13 | |||
| Intervention group | 2 | 3 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.98 |
Note: Clinical setting moderated whether patients were inpatients or not. Intervention group moderated for the type of exercise prescribed. Comparison group moderated for what was giving to the control condition. Follow-up moderated for whether a post-intervention evaluation was carried out or not. If not all the moderators appeared in a variable, it could mean that (a) the studies that provided the data for them did not have that moderator in common; (b) all the included studies of the same outcome included the same class of a specific moderator; or (c) were removed from the meta-analysis model because of the great amount of uncertainty that introduced.
k, number of studies; N, number of effects from those studies; SE, standard error.
P-value < 0.05.