HE	hepatic encephalopathy
TNF	tumor necrosis factor
IL	interleukin
ALF	acute liver failure
MHE	minimal hepatic encephalopathy
NSAIDS	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
CCL	C-C motif chemokine ligand
CXCL	C-X-C motif chemokine ligand
NO	nitric oxide
CNS	central nervous system
BBB	blood–brain barrier
TJs	tight-junctions
C1q	complement 1q
GFAP	glial fibrillary acid protein
NF-kB	nuclear factor kappa B
SCFAs	short chain fatty acids
FXR	farnesoid X receptor
NK	natural killer
SIBO	small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
GABA	gamma-aminobutyric acid
MELD	model for end-stage liver disease
MRI	magnetic resonance imaging
LPS	lipopolysaccharides
PAMPs	pathogen-associated molecular patterns
TLR	toll-like receptor
MyD88	myeloid differentiation primary response 88
GF	germ free
FMT	fecal microbiota transplantation
CD	cluster of differentiation
mRNA	messengerRNA
AOM	azoxymethane
TGF	transforming growth factor
TGFβR2	transforming growth factor β-receptor2
COX	cyclooxygenase
iNOS	inducible nitric oxide synthase
cGMP	glutamate-(NO)-cyclic guanosine monophosphate
BDL	bile duct ligation
PET	positron emission tomography
PBBS	peripheral benzodiazepine binding sites
CD	cluster of differentiation
NAFLD	non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
NMDA	N-methyl-D-aspartate
AMPA	α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid
CUMS	chronic unpredictable mild stress
NH4+	ammonium
Nrf2/HO-1	nuclear factor erythroid 2-relatted factor-2/heme oxygenase-1
SNr	substantia nigra pars reticulata
PCS	portacaval shunts
GLT	glutamate transporters
MAPK	p30 mitogen-activated protein kinase
CTP	Child Turcotte Pugh
BCAAs	branched chain amino acids