Table 2.
Regression coefficients (expressed per standard deviation (SD) of variable; 95% confidence interval) for association between accelerometer outcomes and waist circumference, body fat percentage, Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) score, sit-to-stand repetitions, and resting heart rate over 24 h for standardized wake/sleep windows (M16h/L8h) and individualized wake/sleep windows (accelerometer-determined).
| Variable | Window | Regression Coefficient ** |
95% Confidence Interval | p-Value † |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Waist circumference (cm) | ||||
| Average acceleration (mg) | 24 h | −3.18 | −4.21, −2.15 | <0.001 |
| Standardized wake | −4.24 | −5.31, −3.17 | <0.001 | |
| Standardized sleep | 3.01 | 1.82, 4.21 | <0.001 | |
| Individualized wake | −3.70 | −4.80, −2.60 | <0.001 | |
| Individualized sleep | 1.95 | 0.71, 3.19 | 0.002 | |
| Relative amplitude | −4.63 | −5.86, −3.41 | <0.001 | |
| Intensity gradient | 24 h | −2.41 | −3.43, −1.39 | <0.001 |
| Standardized wake | −2.42 | −3.46, −1.38 | <0.001 | |
| Individualized wake | −1.93 | −3.02, −0.84 | 0.001 | |
| Body fat percentage (%) | ||||
| Average acceleration (mg) | 24 h | −1.32 | −1.87, −0.78 | <0.001 |
| Standardized wake | −1.63 | −2.18, −1.07 | <0.001 | |
| Standardized sleep | 0.86 | 0.25, 1.48 | 0.006 | |
| Individualized wake | −1.54 | −2.06, −1.02 | <0.001 | |
| Individualized sleep | 0.91 | 0.38, 1.44 | 0.001 | |
| Relative amplitude | −1.88 | −2.56, −1.19 | <0.001 | |
| Intensity gradient | 24 h | −1.24 | −1.81, −0.68 | <0.001 |
| Standardized wake | −1.26 | −1.83, −0.69 | <0.001 | |
| Individualized wake | −0.99 | −1.57, −0.42 | 0.001 | |
| SPPB * score | ||||
| Average acceleration (mg) | 24 h | 0.17 | 0.02, 0.33 | 0.027 |
| Standardized wake | 0.27 | 0.11, 0.43 | 0.001 | |
| Standardized sleep | −0.24 | −0.40, −0.08 | 0.004 | |
| Individualized wake | 0.25 | 0.10, 0.40 | 0.001 | |
| Individualized sleep | −0.21 | −0.38, −0.02 | 0.028 | |
| Relative amplitude | 0.43 | 0.25, 0.61 | <0.001 | |
| Intensity gradient | 24 h | 0.37 | 0.23, 0.51 | <0.001 |
| Standardized wake | 0.36 | 0.22, 0.50 | <0.001 | |
| Individualized wake | 0.36 | 0.22, 0.50 | <0.001 | |
| Sit-to-stand repetitions (per 60 s) | ||||
| Average acceleration (mg) | 24 h | 1.15 | 0.44, 1.85 | <0.001 |
| Standardized wake | 1.72 | 1.00, 2.44 | <0.001 | |
| Standardized sleep | −1.44 | −2.20, −0.69 | <0.001 | |
| Individualized wake | 1.32 | 0.64, 1.99 | <0.001 | |
| Individualized sleep | −0.94 | −1.59, −0.29 | 0.005 | |
| Relative amplitude | 2.51 | 1.65, 3.37 | <0.001 | |
| Intensity gradient | 24 h | 1.70 | 1.09, 2.31 | <0.001 |
| Standardized wake | 1.65 | 1.04, 2.26 | <0.001 | |
| Individualized wake | 1.45 | 0.83, 2.06 | <0.001 | |
| Resting heart rate (bpm) | ||||
| Average acceleration | 24 h | −2.04 | −2.99, −1.09 | <0.001 |
| Standardized wake | −2.62 | −3.66, −1.59 | <0.001 | |
| Standardized sleep | 1.48 | 0.39, 2.58 | 0.008 | |
| Individualized wake | −2.11 | −3.07, −1.15 | <0.001 | |
| Individualized sleep | 1.34 | 0.43, 2.25 | 0.004 | |
| Relative amplitude | −2.93 | −4.11, −1.76 | <0.001 | |
| Intensity gradient | 24 h | −1.65 | −2.56, −0.73 | <0.001 |
| Standardized wake | −1.73 | −2.65, −0.80 | <0.001 | |
| Individualized wake | −1.19 | −2.10, −0.28 | 0.010 | |
* SPPB: Short Physical Performance Battery; ** regression coefficients expressed per standard deviation (SD) reported for ease of comparison across variables; † significant (p < 0.05) values denoted in bold. Covariates: age, ethnicity, sex, SES, time since diagnosis of diabetes, and number of additional comorbidities. Analyses with physical function and heart rate variables were further adjusted for BMI.