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Purported mechanisms observed in C. albicans-induced cancer development.
| No. | Mechanism | References |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | activation of epithelial MAPK and ERK signaling pathways that are associated with growth and proliferation | [64] |
| 2. | loss of E-cadherin and occluding observed in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) | [55] |
| 3. | activation of angiogenesis and proangiogenic factors | [65] |
| 4. | enhanced production of known carcinogenic molecules such as nitrosamines and acetaldehyde | [19,47] |
