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Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Modes of action of aluminum-containing adjuvants. (1) Depot effect; (2) recruitment of immune cells; (3) enhancement of antigen uptake by antigen presenting cells; (4) the NLRP3 inflammasome activation; and (5) potentiality to stimulate the humoral immune responses.