TABLE 2. Fixed-Effect Regression Estimates, Total Margin, Fiscal Years 2012–2020.

Variable	Urban Hospitals			Rural Hospitals
	Coef	Robust SE		Coef	Robust SE
Percentage of FY during COVID-19	4.059	0.704	**	11.310	0.740	**
Number of adult COVID-19 hospitalizations per week	0.004	0.002		–0.024	0.008	**
Medium size (100–400 beds)	2.564	1.170	*	1.206	0.929
Large size (>400 beds)	4.284	2.114	*	0.416	2.025
Small size (<100 beds)—reference
For-profit ownership	4.726	1.903	*	2.704	1.517
Government ownership	0.833	2.308		0.383	1.095
Not-for-profit—reference
Academic medical center	1.085	0.506	*	N/A	1.269
Other teaching hospital	–0.703	1.113		–1.889
Nonteaching hospital—reference
System member	0.492	0.713		1.014	1.034
Critical access hospital	12.919	3.592	**	4.837	1.774	**
Fully integrated physicians	0.876	0.423	*	–0.039	0.510
Provides transplant services	–1.159	1.467		N/A
Provides telehealth services	–0.055	0.363		0.258	0.571
Participates in group purchasing	0.377	0.513		–0.079	0.619
Medicare share of admissions	–0.016	0.023		0.034	0.021
Medicaid share of admissions	–0.026	0.041		0.020	0.028
Labor intensity	14.618	5.607	**	9.458	6.822
Occupancy rate	0.052	0.030		0.034	0.016	*
Herfindahl–Hirschman Index	0.000	0.000		0.000	0.000
Located in a Medicaid expansion state	–0.764	0.302	*	0.217	0.357
SVI Theme 1a	11.609	8.300		2.600	3.813
SVI Theme 2	1.416	3.716		0.493	1.806
SVI Theme 3	3.290	7.238		2.859	3.244
SVI Theme 4	–2.440	5.506		0.081	1.815
Constant	–8.150	7.930		10.032	4.973
R2 within	0.013			0.047
R2 between	0.001			0.001
R2 overall	0.001			0.018

Note. N/A indicates that these were omitted in the rural hospital model because few hospitals are in this category. Reference signifies the omitted reference category. Coef = Coefficient; FY = fiscal year; SVI = Social Vulnerability Index.

^aThe four SVI themes are: socioeconomic status (Theme 1), household composition and disability (Theme 2), minority status and language (Theme 3), and housing type and transportation (Theme 4).

*p < .05,

**p < .01.