Table 3.
Effects of Widowhood on Health Indicators-Individual Fixed Effects Regressions
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VARIABLES | CESD scores |
Displaying elevated depressive symptoms |
Needing help in ADL or IADL |
Having body pain |
Self- reported health being good, very good or excellent |
Number of chronic diseases |
Hours of sleep |
Episodic memory scores |
| Being widowed | 2.016*** | 0117*** | 0.080*** | 0.037** | −0.004 | 0.029** | −0.196** | −0.382*** |
| (0.288) | (0.024) | (0.016) | (0.018) | (0.016) | (0.013) | (0.084) | (0.069) | |
| Observations | 28,603 | 28,603 | 34,633 | 34,222 | 34,204 | 34,706 | 31,159 | 27,937 |
| R-squared | 0.166 | 0.098 | 0.167 | 0.189 | 0.213 | 0.205 | 0.163 | 0.165 |
| Year bereaved-2 indicator | −0.531* | −0.038 | −0.005 | −0.024 | −0.001 | 0.005 | 0.002 | 0.330*** |
| (0.322) | (0.031) | (0.019) | (0.024) | (0.021) | (0.018) | (0.110) | (0.100) | |
| Year bereaved+1 indicator | 1.994*** | 0.118*** | 0.080*** | 0.018 | −0.003 | 0.022 | −0.172* | −0.236*** |
| (0.324) | (0.027) | (0.019) | (0.022) | (0.019) | (0.015) | (0.102) | (0.086) | |
| Year bereaved+2 indicator | 1.461*** | 0.069* | 0.077*** | 0.087*** | −0.009 | 0.065*** | −0.278** | −0.502*** |
| (0.449) | (0.040) | (0.026) | (0.031) | (0.027) | (0.018) | (0.139) | (0.117) | |
| Observations | 28,603 | 28,603 | 34,633 | 34,222 | 34,204 | 34,706 | 31,159 | 27,937 |
| R-squared | 0.166 | 0.099 | 0.167 | 0.189 | 0.213 | 0.205 | 0.163 | 0.166 |
Note:
***
p<0.001
**
p<0.01
*
p<0.05; robust standard errors are in parentheses. The sample includes continuously married, continuously widowed and becoming widowed people. All regressions included controls for the interactions of 2011 dependent health condition with a linear time trend, and the interactions of county dummies with time trend.