Table 5.
Dynamic Effects of Widowhood on Health Indicators by Gender and Hukou
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VARIABLES | CESD score |
Displaying elevated depressive symptoms |
Needing help in ADL or IADL |
Having body pain |
Self- reported health being good, very good or excellent |
Number of chronic diseases |
Hours of sleep |
Episodic memory scores |
| Year bereaved-2 indicator | −0.833* | −0.066 | −0.006 | 0.050 | −0.030 | −0.005 | 0.211 | 0.250* |
| (0.440) | (0.046) | (0.030) | (0.034) | (0.033) | (0.030) | (0.180) | (0.150) | |
| Year bereaved+1 indicator | 0.566 | 0.052 | 0.049 | 0.005 | −0.023 | 0.008 | 0.064 | −0.178 |
| (0.487) | (0.045) | (0.031) | (0.036) | (0.032) | (0.028) | (0.184) | (0.149) | |
| Year bereaved+2 indicator | 0.140 | −0.023 | 0.017 | −0.036 | −0.022 | 0.028 | 0.353 | −0.380* |
| (0.753) | (0.062) | (0.040) | (0.049) | (0.049) | (0.038) | (0.272) | (0.196) | |
| Year bereaved-2 indicator×female | 0.416 | 0.042 | 0.000 | −0.120** | 0.046 | 0.015 | −0.327 | 0.138 |
| (0.621) | (0.062) | (0.039) | (0.047) | (0.042) | (0.038) | (0.226) | (0.201) | |
| Year bereaved+1 indicator×female | 2.294*** | 0.105* | 0.047 | 0.020 | 0.030 | 0.021 | −0.367* | −0.090 |
| (0.642) | (0.056) | (0.039) | (0.045) | (0.040) | (0.033) | (0.219) | (0.181) | |
| Year bereaved+2 indicator×female | 2.035** | 0.141* | 0.086* | 0.179*** | 0.019 | 0.052 | −0.916*** | −0.178 |
| (0.929) | (0.079) | (0.051) | (0.062) | (0.059) | (0.042) | (0.314) | (0.242) | |
| Observations | 28,603 | 28,603 | 34,633 | 34,222 | 34,204 | 34,706 | 31,159 | 27,937 |
| R-squared | 0.167 | 0.099 | 0.167 | 0.190 | 0.213 | 0.205 | 0.164 | 0.166 |
| Year bereaved-2 indicator | −0.832* | −0.066 | −0.006 | 0.050 | −0.030 | −0.005 | 0.211 | 0.250* |
| (0.440) | (0.046) | (0.030) | (0.034) | (0.033) | (0.030) | (0.180) | (0.150) | |
| Year bereaved+1 indicator | 0.568 | 0.0523 | 0.049 | 0.005 | −0.023 | 0.008 | 0.064 | −0.178 |
| (0.487) | (0.045) | (0.031) | (0.036) | (0.032) | (0.028) | (0.184) | (0.149) | |
| Year bereaved+2 indicator | 0.144 | −0.023 | 0.017 | −0.036 | −0.022 | 0.029 | 0.353 | −0.381* |
| (0.753) | (0.062) | (0.040) | (0.049) | (0.049) | (0.038) | (0.272) | (0.196) | |
| Year bereaved-2 indicator×female | 0.413 | 0.015 | 0.002 | −0.131 | −0.054 | 0.029 | −0.140 | −0.258 |
| (1.272) | (0.100) | (0.076) | (0.083) | (0.086) | (0.060) | (0.280) | (0.338) | |
| Year bereaved+1 indicator×female | 0.428 | −0.000 | −0.034 | 0.024 | 0.039 | 0.032 | −0.306 | 0.159 |
| (0.866) | (0.075) | (0.050) | (0.070) | (0.070) | (0.043) | (0.277) | (0.260) | |
| Year bereaved+2 indicator×female | 0.137 | 0.064 | −0.039 | 0.128 | 0.090 | 0.080 | −0.672* | 0.559 |
| (1.269) | (0.112) | (0.066) | (0.094) | (0.101) | (0.049) | (0.403) | (0.400) | |
| Year bereaved-2 indicator×female×rural | 0.091 | 0.037 | 0.001 | 0.013 | 0.117 | −0.017 | −0.222 | 0.458 |
| (1.287) | (0.100) | (0.075) | (0.084) | (0.084) | (0.058) | (0.269) | (0.337) | |
| Year bereaved+1 indicator×female×rural | 2.356*** | 0.134* | 0.098** | −0.005 | −0.010 | −0.013 | −0.076 | −0.304 |
| (0.871) | (0.072) | (0.049) | (0.068) | (0.068) | (0.038) | (0.250) | (0.244) | |
| Year bereaved+2 indicator×female×rural | 2.425** | 0.097 | 0.154** | 0.062 | −0.087 | −0.034 | −0.308 | −0.908** |
| (1.209) | (0.111) | (0.065) | (0.091) | (0.095) | (0.039) | (0.350) | (0.381) | |
| Observations | 28,603 | 28,603 | 34,633 | 34,222 | 34,204 | 34,706 | 31,159 | 27,937 |
| R-squared | 0.168 | 0.099 | 0.167 | 0.190 | 0.213 | 0.205 | 0.164 | 0.166 |
Note:
***
p<0.001
**
p<0.01
*
p<0.05; robust standard errors are in parentheses. The sample includes continuously married, continuously widowed and becoming widowed people. All regressions included controls for the interactions of 2011 dependent health condition with a linear time trend, and the interactions of county dummies with time trend.