Table 7.

Mechanisms of Widowhood on Health Indicators by Gender and Hukou

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)
VARIABLES	Working	Caring for spouse	Caring for grandchildren	Ln hours of caring for grandchildren	Received transfer s from children	Ln transfers from children	Ln per capita consumption	Living with children	Having social interactions
Being widowed	−0.061***	−0.145***	0.011	−0.185	−0.143***	−0.700**	0.061	0.119***	0.030
	(0.027)	(0.018)	(0.027)	(0.205)	(0.035)	(0.286)	(0.104)	(0.031)	(0.039)
Being widowed×female	0.018	−0.006	0.069**	0.488*	0.008	0.158	−0.139	0.021	0.056
	(0.034)	(0.022)	(0.035)	(0.263)	(0.042)	(0.351)	(0.134)	(0.037)	(0.047)
Observations	34,893	35,238	34,899	34,899	34,885	34,427	34,021	34,766	33,044
R-squared	0.038	0.033	0.043	0.057	0.318	0.185	0.087	0.184	0.046
Being widowed	−0.061**	−0.145***	0.011	−0.184	−0.143***	−0.700**	0.061	0.119***	0.030
	(0.027)	(0.018)	(0.027)	(0.205)	(0.035)	(0.286)	(0.104)	(0.031)	(0.039)
Being widowed×female	0.127***	0.052**	−0.048	−0.448	0.029	−0.112	0.060	0.025	0.063
	(0.035)	(0.026)	(0.057)	(0.442)	(0.072)	(0.584)	(0.141)	(0.053)	(0.076)
Being widowed×female×rural	−0.132***	−0.073***	0.142***	1.144***	−0.025	0.326	−0.237*	−0.005	−0.007
	(0.033)	(0.024)	(0.055)	(0.435)	(0.068)	(0.560)	(0.138)	(0.049)	(0.073)
Observations	34,893	35,238	34,899	34,899	34,885	34,427	34,021	34,766	33,044
R-squared	0.038	0.033	0.043	0.057	0.318	0.185	0.087	0.184	0.046

Note:

^***p<0.001

^**p<0.01

^*p<0.05; robust standard errors are in parentheses. The sample includes continuously married, continuously widowed and becoming widowed people. All regressions included controls for the interactions of 2011 dependent health condition with a linear time trend, and the interactions of county dummies with time trend.