TABLE 6.
Schizophrenia-specific PROs
| OUTCOME ASSESSMENT | OUTCOME ASSESSMENT REFERENCES | DOMAIN | INTERPRETATION | LANGUAGES | RELIABILITY | VALIDITY | ORIGINAL VALIDATION |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Schizophrenia Quality of Life Scale (SQLS) | Abdin et al (2019),18 Domenech et al (2019),48 Lee et al (2014),90 Su et al (2017)133 | QoL | 30 items, 3 subscores; 0=best QoL, 100=worst QoL | English, others | +++ Cronbach’s α (psychosocial)=0.93 Cronbach’s α (motivation and energy)=0.78; Cronbach’s α (symptoms and side effects)=0.8 |
+++ on HADS, GHQ-12 | Wilkinson et al (2000)198 |
| Schizophrenia Quality of Life Questionnaire Multidimensional Computerized Adaptive Test (SQoL-MCAT) | Michel et al (2018)106 | QoL | 41 items, 8 domains; score range: 0–100; higher score=better QoL | French, others | +++ ICC ≥0.9 | + on PANSS ++ on CDSS |
Michel et al (2018)106 |
| Schizophrenia Quality of Life Questionnaire (SQoL) | Baumstarck et al (2013),29 Chou et al (2011),44 Lee et al (2021),92 Niolu et al (2015)113 | QoL | 41 items; score range: 0–100; higher score=better QoL | French, English, Chinese | +++ Cronbach’s α=0.94 | ++ on EQ-5D ++ on PANSS |
Auquier et al (2003)196 |
| Quality of Life in Schizophrenia (QLiS) and Short Form (QiLS-SF) | Franz et al (2012),60 Franz et al (2013),61 Senin et al (2017)129 | HRQoL | 54 items; higher score=better QOL | English | ++ ICC ≥0.7 | ++ on WHOQOL BREF ++ on SWN-K |
Franz et al (2012)60 |
| The Quality of Life for Mental Disorders (QoLMD) | Chiu and Lee (2018),43 Yee et al (2017)144 | HRQoL | 45 items, 8 domains (each domain scored separately); higher score=better HRQoL | Chinese | ++ Cronbach’s α >0.7 | N/A | Yu (1995)199 |
| Schizophrenia Quality of Life Questionnaire-Short Form (SQoL18) | Baumstarck et al (2013),29 Boyer et al (2010),35 Caqueo-Urizar et al (2014),38 Girard et al (2016)64 | QoL | 18 items; score of 100=best possible QoL | French, English, Spanish | ++ Cronbach’s α: 0.72–0.88 | +++ on SQoL ++ on EQ-5D + SF-36 |
Boyer et al (2010)35 |
| Riedel-Spellmann-Musil Scale (RSM) | Riedel et al (2009),232 Riedel et al (2011)125 | QoL | 36 items; complete scoring details unavailable at time of publication | German, English | +++ Cronbach’s α (self)=0.917 Cronbach’s α (observer)=0.915 |
+++ on QLS +++ on SWN-K |
Riedel et al (2011)125 |
| Satisfaction with Life Domains Scale (for Schizophrenia) (SLDS) | Azaiez et al (2018),25 Carlson et al (2009)235 | QoL | 7-point Likert scale; score range: 5–35; lower score=worse QoL (20=neutral point) | English | ++ Cronbach’s α=0.84 | N/A | Diener et al (1985)197 |
| Assessment of Lifespan Functioning Attainment (ALFA) | Joseph et al (2015)82 | Symptomatic | 5 domains, combination of duration in state and binary score | English | N/A | + to ++ on SANS for different domains +++ on QoLI |
Joseph et al (2015)82 |
| The Patient-Reported Experience of Cognitive Impairment in Schizophrenia (PRECIS) | Rosen et al (2018),126 Welch et al (2017)142 | Emotional/psychological wellbeing | 35 items, 8 domains; scored on a 5-point scale | English | +++ Cronbach’s α=0.942 ICC=0.78 |
N/A | Welch et al (2017)142 |
| Personal Evaluation of Transitions in Treatment (PETiT) | Rajagopalan et al (2014)124 | Treatment-related | 30 items; higher score=better treatment outcome | English | +++ Cronbach’s α=0.92 ICC=0.97 |
+ on PANSS (0.18) + on QLS (0.21) + on GAF (0.24) |
Voruganti and Awad (2002)200 |
| Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale (SCoRS) | Keefe et al (2004)151 | Cognition | 18 items; higher score=greater degree of impairment | English | ++ Cronbach’s α=0.79 ICC ≥0.81 |
+ on BACS + on ILSI + on UPSA |
Keefe et al (2004)151 |
| Clinical Global Impressions Scale-Cognition in Schizophrenia (CGI-CogS) | Ventura et al (2008)153 | Cognition | 38 items; higher score=greater degree of impairment | English | +++ Cronbach’s α (self)=0.93 Cronbach’s α (caregiver)=0.96 Cronbach’s α (rater)=0.95 ICC ≥0.92 |
++ on NCS | Ventura et al (2008)153 |
| Brief Cognitive Assessment Tool for Schizophrenia (B-CATS) | Bell et al (2005),148 Hurford et al (2011),149 Hurford et al (2018)150 | Cognition | 3 domains; composite score is a mean z-score of the 3 | English | ++ Cronbach’s α=0.73 ICC=0.82 |
+ on FES study battery + on CHOR study battery |
Hurford et al (2011)149 |
BACS: Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia; CDSS: Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia; CHOR: clozapine, haloperidol, olanzapine, and risperidone; EQ-5D: EuroQol-5 Dimensions; FES: first-episode; GAF: Global Assessment of Functioning; GHQ-12: 12-item General Health Questionnaire; HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; HRQoL: health-related quality of life; ICC: intraclass correlation coefficient; N/A: not available; NCS: Cogtest Neurocognitive Composite Score; PANSS: Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; PRO: patient-reported outcome; QLS: Quality of Life Scale; QoL: quality of life; QoLI: Quality of Life Interview; SANS: Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms; SF-36: 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey; SWN-K: Subjective Wellbeing Under Neuroleptic Treatment Scale-Short Version; UPSA: Performance-Based Assessment of Functioning; WHOQOL-BREF: World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale