Table 3. Testicular involvement in SARS-CoV-2 patients based on clinical and imaging results.
| Study | Infection classification (n) | Age (y) | Testicular manifestations (n) | Time from confirmed COVID-19 infection to testicular involvement signs and symptoms (d) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical | Imaging (USG) | ||||
| Bridwell et al [22] | Mild | 37 | Bilateral scrotal discomfort, erythema without epididymal tenderness | Bilateral orchitis | 15 |
| Best et al [24] | - | 40 (IQR=24.75) | Bilateral scrotal pain (1) | - | 37 (IQR=23) |
| Haydar et al [40] | - | 7 | Left scrotal redness, increased warmth and swelling with testicular tenderness and pain | Left orchiepididymitis | |
| Holtmann et al [49] | Mild (14) | 42.7±10.4 | None | - | 43.5±6.2 |
| Moderate (4) | 40.8±8.7 | Testicular discomfort (1) | 47±5.3 | ||
| Pan et al [33] | Mild and moderate | 37 (31-49) | Scrotal discomfort suggestive of orchitis (6/34) | - | 31 (29–36) |
| Chen et al [34] | Nonsevere | 58.3 (43.0–73.0) | Scrotal swelling or pain (3/142) | Orchitis (3/142), epididymitis (7/142), orchiepididymitis (5/142) | 7–30 |
| Severe | Scrotal swelling or pain (10/142) | Orchitis (7/142), epididymitis (4/142), orchiepididymitis (10/142) | |||
| Gagliardi et al [50] | - | 14 | Scrotal swelling and pain | Orchiepididymitis of the right testis | 14 |
| Kim et al [27] | - | 42 | Testicular pain | - | 2 |
| La Marca et al [51] | - | 43 | Testicular pain | Epididymitis | 3.5 |
| Alkhatatbeh et al [42] | Asymptomatic (53) | 43 (1–78) | Orchitis signs or symptoms (0/253) | - | |
| Mild (152) | |||||
| Severe (48) | |||||
| Ediz et al [43] | - | No testicular pain (37±28) | Testicular pain and swelling (10/91) | - | |
| Testicular pain (46±31.5) | |||||
| Özveri et al [45] | 49 | Left spermatic cord tenderness and tenderness | Spermatic cord inflammation | 2 | |
IQR: interquartile range, USG: ultrasonography, -: not available.