Table 2. Factors Associated with an Unfavorable Pain Outcome (<30% Pain Reduction) at 6 Months after Percutaneous Epidural Adhesiolysis: Results from Logistic Regression Analyses.

Variables			Crude OR	95% CI	p value	Adjusted OR	95% CI	p value
Patient characteristics
	Age, yr		0.984	0.945–1.025	0.442
	Female, sex		1.502	0.742–3.041	0.259
	BMI, kg/m2		0.999	0.891–1.120	0.989
	Lumbar surgery history, yes		0.828	0.335–2.046	0.682
	Medical comorbidities, yes
		Cardiovascular disease	1.556	0.611–3.963	0.354
		Diabetes mellitus	0.948	0.416–2.160	0.899
Pain-related data
	Pain duration
		<3 months	1.000
		3 months–1 year	1.168	0.501–2.722	0.720	1.178	0.529–2.621	0.688
		1–3 years	1.196	0.457–3.130	0.716	1.098	0.445–2.712	0.839
		≥3 years	4.191	1.210–14.514	0.024	4.379	1.365–14.050	0.013
	Baseline pain score, NRS		0.739	0.598–0.913	0.005	0.743	0.606–0.910	0.004
	Opioid usage, yes		1.481	0.659–3.325	0.341
	Lumbosacral radiculopathy, yes		0.770	0.157–3.772	0.747
	Neurogenic claudication, yes		1.341	0.656–2.741	0.421
Pre-procedural MRI findings
	Herniated disc, yes		0.595	0.172–2.055	0.411
	Moderate-to-severe central stenosis, yes		1.322	0.610–2.862	0.479
	Moderate-to-severe foraminal stenosis, yes		0.927	0.437–1.969	0.844
	Compression fracture, yes		2.814	0.795–9.963	0.109	2.676	0.853–8.394	0.091
	Spondylolisthesis, yes		2.455	0.938–6.426	0.067	2.508	0.995–6.320	0.051

OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; NRS, numeric rating scale.