Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of UK Biobank participants.
| Characteristic | Total (n = 308,156) | Women (n = 163,022) | Men (n = 145,134) | Pa |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chronological age at baseline (year), mean ± SD | 56.21 ± 8.11 | 56.09 ± 8.01 | 56.35 ± 8.21 | <0.001 |
| BA measuresb, mean ± SD | ||||
| KDM (year) | 53.94 ± 9.42 | 53.90 ± 9.53 | 53.99 ± 9.29 | 0.006 |
| KDM residual | −0.04 ± 5.01 | 0.03 ± 5.03 | −0.12 ± 4.98 | <0.001 |
| PhenoAge (year) | 47.46 ± 10.00 | 46.70 ± 9.52 | 48.31 ± 10.46 | <0.001 |
| PhenoAge residual | −0.03 ± 5.35 | −0.65 ± 5.17 | 0.67 ± 5.46 | <0.001 |
| HD (log units) | 6.69 ± 1.00 | 6.81 ± 0.99 | 6.54 ± 1.00 | <0.001 |
| Biomarkers included in BA algorithms, mean ± SD | ||||
| FEV1 (L) | 2.84 ± 0.80 | 2.41 ± 0.55 | 3.32 ± 0.77 | <0.001 |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 139.55 ± 19.50 | 136.88 ± 20.12 | 142.56 ± 18.33 | <0.001 |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL) | 15.08 ± 3.76 | 14.58 ± 3.62 | 15.64 ± 3.84 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.44 ± 0.60 | 5.41 ± 0.53 | 5.47 ± 0.66 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 220.48 ± 43.87 | 227.17 ± 43.23 | 212.97 ± 43.36 | <0.001 |
| Creatinine (umol/L) | 72.29 ± 15.23 | 64.18 ± 11.00 | 81.40 ± 14.13 | <0.001 |
| Serum glucose (mmol/L) | 5.11 ± 1.19 | 5.05 ± 1.02 | 5.17 ± 1.36 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 90.23 ± 13.34 | 84.42 ± 12.38 | 96.76 ± 11.19 | <0.001 |
| Red cell distribution width (%) | 13.46 ± 0.94 | 13.51 ± 1.03 | 13.42 ± 0.82 | <0.001 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 45.30 ± 2.59 | 45.01 ± 2.57 | 45.62 ± 2.58 | <0.001 |
| Alkaline phosphatase (U/L) | 82.88 ± 24.80 | 84.07 ± 25.90 | 81.54 ± 23.44 | <0.001 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 153.81 ± 89.83 | 135.51 ± 74.31 | 174.37 ± 100.65 | <0.001 |
| Mean cell volume (fL) | 82.77 ± 5.28 | 82.89 ± 5.28 | 82.63 ± 5.27 | <0.001 |
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | 5.19 ± 1.34 | 4.52 ± 1.09 | 5.95 ± 1.19 | <0.001 |
| Lymphocyte (%) | 29.03 ± 7.34 | 29.89 ± 7.26 | 28.06 ± 7.31 | <0.001 |
| RBC count (million cells/uL) | 4.53 ± 0.41 | 4.33 ± 0.33 | 4.76 ± 0.37 | <0.001 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/dL) | 0.25 ± 0.40 | 0.26 ± 0.41 | 0.23 ± 0.40 | <0.001 |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 82.24 ± 10.64 | 80.61 ± 10.51 | 84.07 ± 10.49 | <0.001 |
| Died during follow-up, n (%) | 14,542 (4.7) | 5495 (3.4) | 9047 (6.2) | <0.001 |
| Any incident cancerc, n (%) | 35,426 (11.5) | 16,933 (10.4) | 18,493 (12.7) | <0.001 |
| Incident breast cancer in women, n (%) | — | 5794 (3.6) | — | — |
| Incident prostate cancer in men, n (%) | — | — | 7196 (5.0) | — |
| Incident lung cancer, n (%) | 2363 (0.8) | 1109 (0.7) | 1254 (0.9) | <0.001 |
| Incident colorectal cancer, n (%) | 3596 (1.2) | 1552 (1.0) | 2044 (1.4) | <0.001 |
| Incident melanoma, n (%) | 1833 (0.6) | 881 (0.5) | 952 (0.7) | <0.001 |
BA biological age, DBP diastolic blood pressure, FEV1 forced expiratory volume in 1 second, HbA1c glycated hemoglobin, HD homeostatic dysregulation, KDM Klemera-Doubal method, RBC red blood cell, SBP systolic blood pressure, SD standard deviation.
aP values for comparison between women and men, obtained from t tests or χ2 tests.
bAll algorithms were parametrized in NHANES III and projected in UK Biobank. The KDM residual and PhenoAge residual were computed by regressing out chronological age (as a natural spline term with 3 degrees of freedom) from the KDM and PhenoAge, respectively.
cAny type of cancer, except non-melanoma skin cancer.