Table 2.
OCD twin studies.
| Author/year | Country | Inclusion age criteria | Twin pairs | Assessment tools | Twin correlations by zigozity | Variance component estimates based on ACE model coefficient, 95% CI | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MZ n | DZ n | MZ | MZM | MZF | DZ | DZM | DZF | DOS | Additive genetic (A2) | Shared environment (C2) | Non-shared environment (E2) | ||||
| Clifford et al. [30] | UK | Adult | 250p | 198p | LOI | – | 0.50 | 0.44 | – | 0.22 | 0.13 | 0.11 | – | – | – |
|
Jonnal et al. [31] van Grootheest et al. [70] |
USA *Virginia Twin Registry |
Adult | 331p | 193p | PADUA |
0.34 (C) 0.28 (O) |
– | – |
0.14 (C) 0.06 (O) |
– | – | – | 0.36 | 0.0 | 0.64 |
| Eley et al. [33] |
UK *Twins Early Development Study (TEDS) |
Children (4 y) | 2359 | 6046 | OCB (not standardized instrument) | 0.59 | 0.58 | 0.19 | 0.28 | 0.26 | 0.65 (0.61–0.69) | 0.37 (0.31–0.39) | |||
| Hudziak et al. [34] |
Netherlands * Netherlands Twin Registry (NTR) |
Children |
7 y 1582p 10 y 1099p 12 y 607p |
2664 1742 955 |
CBCL-OCS |
– – – |
0.55 0.59 0.57 |
0.57 0.54 0.50 |
– – – |
0.31 0.35 0.30 |
0.21 0.22 0.40 |
0.30 0.33 0.33 |
0.56 0.55 0.36 |
0.0 0.0 0.16 |
0.56 0.55 0.36 |
|
Bolton et al. [35] Bolton et al. [55] |
UK *TEDS |
Children (6 y) | 1599p | 3063p | ADIS-C/P |
0.57 (0.24–0.80) 0.67 (0.22–0.92) |
– | – |
0.22 (−0.22–0.43) 0.38 (0.07–0.64) |
– | – | – |
0.29 (0.00–0.68) 0.55 (0.08–0.89) |
0.18 (0.00–0.48) 0.11 (0.00–0.38) |
0.53 (0.28–0.80) 0.34 (0.09–0.65) |
| van Grootheest et al. [56] |
Netherlands *NTR |
Adolescents and adult | 1584 | 7662 | YARS-OCS | – | 0.44 | 0.50 | – | 0.13 | 0.26 | 0.21 | – | – | – |
| van Grootheest et al. [32] |
Netherlands *NTR |
Adolescents |
12 y 604 14 y 712 16 y 696 |
848 1088 1118 |
YARS-OCS, PADUA ABBR |
– – – |
0.50 0.57 0.45 |
0.45 0.60 0.58 |
– – – |
0.38 0.17 0.30 |
0.36 0.30 0.33 |
0.21 0.22 0.22 |
0.27 0.57 0.54 |
0.18 0.00 0.00 |
0.54 0.43 0.46 |
|
Hur and Jeong [37]; Hur [36] |
Korea *South Korean Twin Registry (SKTR) |
Juvenile (13–24 y) | 524p | 228p | MOCI | 0.56 (0.45–0.65) | 0.39 (0.30–0.48) | 0.24 (−0.1–0.46) | 0.36 (0.14–0.56) | 0.38 (0.20–0.53) | 0.69 (0.64–0.73) | – | 0.73 (0.69–0.77) | ||
| Tambs et al. [38] |
Norway *Norwegian Institute of Public Health Twin Panel (NIPHTP) |
Adults (28 y) | 665p | 720p | CIDI | – | 0.45 | 0.35 | – | 0.20 | 0.32 | – | 0.36 (0–0.65) | 0.31 (0–0.49) | 0.70 (0.59–0.80) |
| van Grootheest et al. [39] |
Netherlands *NTR |
Adults |
18 y 653p 20 y 694p 26 y 336p 33 y 867p |
984 934 709 775 |
YARS-OCS, PADUA ABBR |
– – – – |
0.41 0.39 0.46 0.37 |
0.35 0.53 0.47 0.44 |
– – – – |
0.10 0.24 0.11 0.35 |
0.25 0.25 0.32 0.21 |
– – – – |
– – – – |
– – – – |
– – – – |
| Moore et al. [40] | Ireland | Children (12 y) | 93p | 161p | LOCI-CV | 0.678 | 0.300 | 0.361 | 0.406 | ||||||
| Fagnani et al. [41] | Italy | Adult (23–24 y) | 159p | 180p | SCL-90 | 0.47 | 0.17 | 0.451 (0.099–0.586) | 0.000 (0.000–0.267) | 0.549 (0.415–0.711) | |||||
| Iervolino et al. [42] |
UK *TwinsUK adult twin register |
Adults women (17–86 y) |
2720 | 1635 | OCI-R | 0.47 (0.40–0.53) | – | – | 0.28 (0.19–0.36) | – | – | – | 0.380 (0.187–0.526) | 0.090 (0.000–0.252) | 0.530 (0.472–0.595) |
| Lahey et al. [43] |
USA *Tennesse Twin Study |
Adolescents (6–17 y) |
Not described | CAPS | 0.64 | 0.32 | 0.640 (0.457–0.684) | 0.000 (0.000–0.166) | 0.360 (0.316–0.411) | ||||||
| Mataix-Cols et al. [7] |
Sweden *STAGE study |
Adults (20–47 y) | 6471 | 9535 | Clinical interview based on ICD-8,9,10 | – | 0.45 | 0.49 | – | 0.20 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.47 (0.40–0.52) | 0.00 (0.00–0.05) | 0.53 (0.48–0.58) |
|
López-Solà et al. [44] López-Solà et al. [45] |
Australia *Australian Twin Registry (ATR) |
Adults (18–45 y) | 1281 | 1214 | OCI-R | 0.41 (0.34, 0.48) | 0.40 (0.27, 0.51) | 0.42 (0.32, 0.51) | 0.17 (0.06, 0.26) | 0.16 (0.03, 0.33) | 0.23 (0.09, 0.36) | 0.06 (0.12, 0.23) | 0.39 (0.18–0.45) | 0.00 (0.00–0.18) | 0.61 (0.55–0.68) |
| Mathews et al. [46] |
Netherlands *NTR |
Adult | 1218 | 983 | PI-ABBR | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.376 | 0.022 | 0.601 |
| Monzani et al. [47] |
UK *TwinsUK adult twin register |
Adult women (16–90 y) |
3042 | 2367 | OCI-R | – | – | 0.52 | – | – | 0.21 | – | 0.48 (0.42–0.53) | – | 0.52 (0.47–0.58) |
| Zilhão et al. [48] |
Netherlands *NTR |
Adult | 4566 | 4714 | PI-ABBR | 0.367 (0.327–0.406) | 0.400 (0.324–0.468) | 0.359 (0.308–0.400) | 0.119 (0.867–0.151) | 0.130 (0.090–0.169) | 0.084 (0.036–0.131) | 0.157 (0.083–0.228) | – | – | – |
| Krebs et al. [49] |
UK *TEDS |
Children and adolescent (cohort) |
4 y 5072 7 y 5202 9 y 2421 16 y 3497 |
9671 9216 4103 9647 |
ARBQ |
– – – – |
– – – – |
– – – – |
– – – – |
– – – – |
– – – – |
– – – – |
0.59 (0.57–0.61) 0.61 (0.57–0.63) 0.54 (0.46–0.61 0.33 (0.26–0.41) |
0.00 (0.00–0.01) 0.02 (0.01–0.04) 0.14 (0.09–0.21) 0.25 (0.19–0.31) |
0.41 (0.38–0.43) 0.38 (0.36–0.40) 0.32 (0.29–0.35) 0.42 (0.39–0.45) |
| Pinto et al. [50] |
Sweden *STAGE study |
Adults (19–47 y) | 8360 | 13551 | Clinical interview based on ICD-8,9,10 | 0.48 (0.48–0.52) | – | – | 0.15 (0.10–0.18) | – | – | – | 0.55 | – | 0.63 |
| Taylor et al. [51] | Canada | Adult (17–81 y) | 167 | 140 | OCI-R | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.53 | – | 0.47 |
| Zilhão et al. [52] |
Netherlands *NTR |
Adult | 3990 | 4057 | PI-ABBR | 0.384 | 0.379 | 0.386 | 0.177 | 0.197 | 0.139 | 0.214 | 0.373 | – | 0.627 |
| Taylor et al. [53] |
Sweden *Child and Adolescent Twin Study (CATS) |
Child and adolescent | Not described | Parent-rated A-TAC compulsion module (9 and 12 y); self-rated BOCS (18 y) | 0.02 | 0.02 | – | 0.627 | |||||||
| Burton et al. [54] | Canada | Adolescent (6–18 y) | 60p | 160p |
TOCS CBCL-OCS |
0.74 (0.60–0.83) 0.62 (0.44–0.75) |
– | – |
0.37 (0.23–0.50) 0.34 (0.20–0.47) |
– | – | – |
0.74 (0.63–0.82) 0.56 (0.40–0.68) |
0.26 (0.18–0.37) 0.44 (0.32–0.60) |
|
MZ monozigotic, DZ dizogotic, MZM monoigotic male, MZF monozygotic female, DZM dizygotic male, DZF dizygotic female, DOS dizygotic opposite sex, HRS-SR Hoarding Rating Scale-Self-Report, PI-ABBR Padua Inventory Abbreviated Revised, OCI-R Obsessive Compulsive Inventory-Revised, ARBQ Anxiety-Related Behavior Questionnaire, CAPS Child and Adolescent Psychopathology Scale.
The * shows the study group which the study was related to.