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. 2023 Jun 28;13:10492. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-37672-2

Table 2.

Study and baseline characteristic of ketogenic diets.

Author/year Design country Duration(weeks) Total sample size population Baseline characteristics of interventional group Dietary facts Changes in UA; KD vs control1 (mg/dL, 95% CI)
Gender, female (%) Age, range (y) BMI, Mean (kg/m2) Ketogenic diet type Control
Moreno et al.30 RCT Spain 8 53 Adult participants with obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) 81.4 18–65 35.1 VLCKD; (600–800 kcal/day), low carbohydrates (50 g daily from vegetables) and lipids (only 10 g of olive oil /day), proteins (0.8 and 1.2 g per each Kg of ideal body weight) LCD; 1,400 and 1,800 kcal/day, carbohydrates: 45–55%, Proteins: 15–25%, and fat: 25–35% -0.13 (-0.49, 0.23)
Harvey et al.15 RCT New Zealand 12 27 Healthy individuals 64.3 25–49 25.5 VLCKD; Carbohydrate: 5%, protein limited to 1.4 g/kg/day LCD; Carbohydrate: 15%, protein limited to 1.4 g/kg/day 0.15 (-0.47, 0.77)
Phillipset al.31 RCT New Zealand 8 47 patients with Parkinson’s disease 29 40–50 27.8 LCKD; 1,750 kcal/day composed of 152 g of fat (67 g saturated), 75 g of protein, 16 g of carbohydrate, and 11 g of fiber Low fat diet; 1,750 kcal/day composed of 42 g of fat (10 g saturated), 75 g of protein, 246 g net carbohydrate, and 33 g of fiber 0.84 (0.45, 1.23)
Cunha et al.16 RCT Brazil 8 39 Adults with obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) N/A N/A 37.1 VLCKD; 600–800 kcal/day, low in carbohydrates (< 50 g daily from vegetables) and lipids (only 10 g of olive oil per day), proteins: 0.8 to 1.2 g/kg of ideal body weight LCD; 15% below the total metabolic expenditure of each individual, carbohydrates: 45–55%, proteins: 15–25%, and fat: 25–35%, 20–40 g/day of fiber 0.01 (-0.44, 0.46)
Schiavo et al.32 RCT Italy 16 48 Obese individual undergoing The Elipse™ intragastric balloon (BMI ≥ 27 kg/m2) 50 18–65 37.8 LCKD; 1200 kcal/day, fat: 71%, carbohydrates: 4%, protein: 25% LCD; 1200 kcal/day, fat: 17%, carbohydrates: 40%, protein: 43% -1.2 (-2.12, -0.28)
Li et al.33 RCT China 12 53 Overweight and obese patients with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, newly diagnosed as T2DM N/A 18–50 29.0 LCKD; 1500 ± 50 kcal/day, carbohydrate: 30–50 g, protein: 60 g, fat: 130 g Diabetic diet; 1500 ± 50 kcal/day, carbohydrate: 250–280 g, protein: 60 g, fat: 20 g 1.55 (1.39, 1.71)

RCT: Randomized Control Trial, BMI: Body Mass Index, VLCKD: Very-Low Calorie Ketogenic Diet, LCD: Low-Carbohydrate Diet, UA: Uric Acid, KD: Ketogenic Diet CI: Confidence Interval, LCKD; Low-Carbohydrate Ketogenic Diet.

1As mentioned in the articles.