Table 2.
Author/year | Design | country | Duration(weeks) | Total sample size | population | Baseline characteristics of interventional group | Dietary facts | Changes in UA; KD vs control1 (mg/dL, 95% CI) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender, female (%) | Age, range (y) | BMI, Mean (kg/m2) | Ketogenic diet type | Control | |||||||
Moreno et al.30 | RCT | Spain | 8 | 53 | Adult participants with obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) | 81.4 | 18–65 | 35.1 | VLCKD; (600–800 kcal/day), low carbohydrates (50 g daily from vegetables) and lipids (only 10 g of olive oil /day), proteins (0.8 and 1.2 g per each Kg of ideal body weight) | LCD; 1,400 and 1,800 kcal/day, carbohydrates: 45–55%, Proteins: 15–25%, and fat: 25–35% | -0.13 (-0.49, 0.23) |
Harvey et al.15 | RCT | New Zealand | 12 | 27 | Healthy individuals | 64.3 | 25–49 | 25.5 | VLCKD; Carbohydrate: 5%, protein limited to 1.4 g/kg/day | LCD; Carbohydrate: 15%, protein limited to 1.4 g/kg/day | 0.15 (-0.47, 0.77) |
Phillipset al.31 | RCT | New Zealand | 8 | 47 | patients with Parkinson’s disease | 29 | 40–50 | 27.8 | LCKD; 1,750 kcal/day composed of 152 g of fat (67 g saturated), 75 g of protein, 16 g of carbohydrate, and 11 g of fiber | Low fat diet; 1,750 kcal/day composed of 42 g of fat (10 g saturated), 75 g of protein, 246 g net carbohydrate, and 33 g of fiber | 0.84 (0.45, 1.23) |
Cunha et al.16 | RCT | Brazil | 8 | 39 | Adults with obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) | N/A | N/A | 37.1 | VLCKD; 600–800 kcal/day, low in carbohydrates (< 50 g daily from vegetables) and lipids (only 10 g of olive oil per day), proteins: 0.8 to 1.2 g/kg of ideal body weight | LCD; 15% below the total metabolic expenditure of each individual, carbohydrates: 45–55%, proteins: 15–25%, and fat: 25–35%, 20–40 g/day of fiber | 0.01 (-0.44, 0.46) |
Schiavo et al.32 | RCT | Italy | 16 | 48 | Obese individual undergoing The Elipse™ intragastric balloon (BMI ≥ 27 kg/m2) | 50 | 18–65 | 37.8 | LCKD; 1200 kcal/day, fat: 71%, carbohydrates: 4%, protein: 25% | LCD; 1200 kcal/day, fat: 17%, carbohydrates: 40%, protein: 43% | -1.2 (-2.12, -0.28) |
Li et al.33 | RCT | China | 12 | 53 | Overweight and obese patients with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, newly diagnosed as T2DM | N/A | 18–50 | 29.0 | LCKD; 1500 ± 50 kcal/day, carbohydrate: 30–50 g, protein: 60 g, fat: 130 g | Diabetic diet; 1500 ± 50 kcal/day, carbohydrate: 250–280 g, protein: 60 g, fat: 20 g | 1.55 (1.39, 1.71) |
RCT: Randomized Control Trial, BMI: Body Mass Index, VLCKD: Very-Low Calorie Ketogenic Diet, LCD: Low-Carbohydrate Diet, UA: Uric Acid, KD: Ketogenic Diet CI: Confidence Interval, LCKD; Low-Carbohydrate Ketogenic Diet.
1As mentioned in the articles.