Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of participants
| Variables | NS (N=41,850) | SI (N=13,950) | ASI (N=8,683) | VSI (N=4,808) | DSI (N=459) | p* | p** | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (yr) | 73.4±5.8 | 73.5±6.0 | 73.5±5.8 | 73.1±6.1 | 77.5±7.5 | 0.165 | <0.001 | ||
| Sex, female | 23,184 (55.4) | 7,728 (55.4) | 3,998 (46.0) | 3,423 (71.2) | 307 (66.9) | >0.999 | <0.001 | ||
| Insurance percentile | 0.998 | 0.036 | |||||||
| Health aid, lowest | 205 (0.5) | 68 (0.5) | 42 (0.5) | 23 (0.5) | 3 (0.7) | ||||
| Health insurance ≤10% | 4,569 (10.9) | 1,512 (10.8) | 900 (10.4) | 570 (11.9) | 42 (9.2) | ||||
| 11%–20% | 3,434 (8.2) | 1,123 (8.1) | 666 (7.7) | 419 (8.7) | 38 (8.3) | ||||
| 21%–30% | 2,331 (5.6) | 750 (5.4) | 443 (5.1) | 274 (5.7) | 33 (7.2) | ||||
| 31%–40% | 2,245 (5.4) | 761 (5.5) | 481 (5.5) | 255 (5.3) | 25 (5.4) | ||||
| 41%–50% | 2,123 (5.1) | 720 (5.2) | 444 (5.1) | 250 (5.2) | 26 (5.7) | ||||
| 51%–60% | 2,785 (6.7) | 940 (6.7) | 586 (6.7) | 320 (6.7) | 34 (7.4) | ||||
| 61%–70% | 3,229 (7.7) | 1,082 (7.8) | 658 (7.6) | 392 (8.2) | 32 (7.0) | ||||
| 71%–80% | 4,844 (11.6) | 1,637 (11.7) | 1,006 (11.6) | 574 (11.9) | 57 (12.4) | ||||
| 81%–90% | 6,295 (15.0) | 2,105 (15.1) | 1,304 (15.0) | 738 (15.3) | 63 (13.7) | ||||
| ≥91%, highest | 9,790 (23.4) | 3,252 (23.3) | 2,153 (24.8) | 993 (20.7) | 106 (23.1) | ||||
| Diagnosis of stroke | 1,483 (3.5) | 715 (5.1) | 429 (4.9) | 255 (5.3) | 31 (6.8) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| Diagnosis of heart disease | 3,731 (8.9) | 1,285 (9.2) | 860 (9.9) | 380 (7.9) | 45 (9.8) | 0.297 | 0.001 | ||
| Diagnosis of hypertension | 25,740 (61.5) | 8,347 (59.8) | 5,111 (58.9) | 2,959 (61.5) | 277 (60.3) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| Diagnosis of DM | 8,688 (20.8) | 3,125 (22.4) | 1,882 (21.7) | 1,137 (23.6) | 106 (23.1) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| Diagnosis of dyslipidemia | 4,020 (9.6) | 1,154 (8.3) | 706 (8.1) | 422 (8.8) | 26 (5.7) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| Diagnosis of other diseases, including cancer | 6,294 (15.0) | 21,63 (15.5) | 1,333 (15.4) | 760 (15.8) | 70 (15.3) | 0.188 | 0.515 | ||
| BMI | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||
| <18.5 kg/m2 | 1,273 (3.0) | 579 (4.2) | 299 (3.4) | 239 (5.0) | 41 (8.9) | ||||
| 18.5–22.9 kg/m2 | 13,172 (31.5) | 4,635 (33.2) | 2,888 (33.3) | 1,585 (33.0) | 162 (35.3) | ||||
| 23.0–27.5 kg/m2 | 22,021 (52.7) | 6,897 (49.5) | 4,399 (50.7) | 2,298 (47.8) | 200 (43.6) | ||||
| >27.5 kg/m2 | 5,345 (12.8) | 1,836 (13.2) | 1,094 (12.6) | 686 (14.3) | 56 (12.2) | ||||
| Current status of drinking | 4,747 (11.3) | 1,540 (11.0) | 1,125 (13.0) | 381 (7.9) | 34 (7.4) | 0.337 | <0.001 | ||
| Current status of smoking | 3,135 (7.5) | 1,252 (9.0) | 926 (10.7) | 292 (6.1) | 34 (7.4) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| Moderate physical activity | 15,665 (37.3) | 4,881 (34.8) | 3,332 (38.2) | 1,442 (29.8) | 107 (23.3) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or number (%).
*
comparison between NS and sensory impairment (ASI+VSI+DSI);
**
comparison among NS, ASI, VSI, and DSI.
NS, normal sensory; SI, sensory impairment; ASI, auditory sensory impairment; VSI, visual sensory impairment; DSI, dual sensory impairment; BMI, body mass index; DM, diabetes mellitus