Table 3.
Frequency of moderate–severe food insecurity among Venezuelan households by background characteristics, ENPOVE 2022.
| Characteristics | Moderate–severe food insecurity | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| No (n = 1,915) %* (95% CI) | Yes (n = 1,576) %* (95% CI) | p-value** | |
| Overall | 61.0 (58.6–63.3) | 39.0 (36.7–41.4) | |
| Gender of household head | |||
| Male | 65.1 (62.2–67.9) | 34.9 (32.1–37.8) | <0.001 |
| Female | 53.3 (49.5–57.1) | 46.7 (42.9–50.5) | |
| Age group (years) of household head | |||
| 15–29 | 61.4 (57.5–65.2) | 38.6 (34.8–42.5) | 0.975 |
| 30–39 | 61.1 (57.5–64.6) | 38.9 (35.4–42.5) | |
| 40–49 | 60.7 (55.7–65.5) | 39.3 (34.5–44.3) | |
| 50 or more | 59.7 (52.9–66.1) | 40.3 (33.9–47.1) | |
| Higher education of household head | |||
| Yes | 66.1 (62.9–69.2) | 33.9 (30.8–37.1) | <0.001 |
| No | 56.3 (53.0–59.4) | 43.7 (40.6–47.0) | |
| Physical or psychological limitation of household head | |||
| Yes | 46.6 (31.0–62.8) | 53.4 (37.2–69.0) | 0.075 |
| No | 61.3 (58.8–63.6) | 38.7 (36.4–41.2) | |
| Household head worked in the last week | |||
| Yes | 63.3 (60.7–65.8) | 36.7 (34.2–39.3) | <0.001 |
| No | 45.9 (40.0–51.8) | 54.1 (48.2–60.0) | |
| Holding of a migratory permit by the household head | |||
| Yes | 64.4 (61.6–67.0) | 35.6 (33.0–38.4) | <0.001 |
| No | 50.7 (46.6–54.9) | 49.3 (45.1–53.4) | |
| Arrival in Peru of household head | |||
| 6 or more years | 67.4 (61.0–73.3) | 32.6 (26.7–39.0) | 0.035 |
| Less than or equal to 5 years | 60.2 (57.6–62.7) | 39.8 (37.3–42.4) | |
| Household members with health insurance | |||
| Yes | 70.0 (62.9–76.3) | 30.0 (23.7–37.1) | 0.008 |
| No | 59.9 (57.4–62.4) | 40.1 (37.6–42.6) | |
| Rented house | |||
| Yes | 60.5 (58.0–62.9) | 39.5 (37.1–42.0) | 0.029 |
| No | 71.9 (61.8–80.2) | 28.1 (19.8–38.2) | |
| Wealth tercile | |||
| Lowest | 47.3 (43.4–51.2) | 52.7 (48.8–56.6) | <0.001 |
| Middle | 61.7 (57.7–65.5) | 38.3 (34.5–42.3) | |
| Highest | 74.7 (71.0–78.0) | 25.3 (22.0–29.0) | |
| Presence of children under 5 years of age | |||
| No | 62.5 (59.8–65.1) | 37.5 (34.9–40.2) | 0.024 |
| Yes | 57.2 (53.0–61.3) | 42.8 (38.7–47.0) | |
| Presence of an older adult (60 and over) | |||
| No | 60.9 (58.4–63.4) | 39.1 (36.6–41.6) | 0.886 |
| Yes | 61.5 (53.9–68.6) | 38.5 (31.4–46.1) | |
| Household size | |||
| Unipersonal | 64.5 (59.4–69.3) | 35.5 (30.7–40.6) | 0.115 |
| 2–5 | 60.7 (58.0–63.4) | 39.3 (36.6–42.0) | |
| 6 or more | 55.1 (47.2–62.7) | 44.9 (37.3–52.8) | |
| City of household | |||
| Lima Metropolitana | 61.5 (58.7–64.2) | 38.5 (35.8–41.3) | <0.001 |
| Arequipa | 59.0 (50.6–67.0) | 41.0 (33.0–49.4) | |
| Chiclayo | 47.3 (39.2–55.6) | 52.7 (44.4–60.8) | |
| Chimbote | 56.5 (48.0–64.5) | 43.5 (35.5–52.0) | |
| Ica | 72.8 (64.6–79.7) | 27.2 (20.3–35.4) | |
| Piura | 56.3 (48.2–64.1) | 43.7 (35.9–51.8) | |
| Trujillo | 58.3 (51.9–64.4) | 41.7 (35.6–48.1) | |
| Tumbes | 39.1 (30.4–48.5) | 60.9 (51.5–69.6) | |
Data are displayed as weighted % of the row unless otherwise indicated. * The weighting factor and sample specifications of ENPOVE were included. ** Estimated p-value using the Chi-square test with Rao-Scott adjustment. ENPOVE, Encuesta Población Venezolana; CI, Confidence Interval.