Table 4.
Factors associated with moderate–severe food insecurity among Venezuelan households, ENPOVE 2022.
| Variable | Crude | Adjusted* | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PR (95% CI) | p-value | aPR (95% CI) | p-value | |
| Gender of household head | ||||
| Male | Reference | Reference | ||
| Female | 1.34 (1.20–1.50) | <0.001 | 1.24 (1.11–1.39) | <0.001 |
| Age group (years) of household head | ||||
| 15–29 | Reference | Not included | ||
| 30–39 | 1.01 (0.89–1.15) | 0.902 | ||
| 40–49 | 1.02 (0.87–1.19) | 0.830 | ||
| 50 or more | 1.04 (0.86–1.26) | 0.662 | ||
| Higher education of household head | ||||
| Yes | Reference | Reference | ||
| No | 1.29 (1.15–1.44) | <0.001 | 1.12 (1.01–1.25) | 0.041 |
| Physical or psychological limitation of household head | ||||
| Yes | Reference | Reference | ||
| No | 0.72 (0.53–0.99) | 0.043 | 0.79 (0.57–1.10) | 0.170 |
| Household head worked in the last week | ||||
| Yes | Reference | Reference | ||
| No | 1.48 (1.30–1.68) | <0.001 | 1.27 (1.12–1.45) | <0.001 |
| Holding of a migratory permit by the household head | ||||
| Yes | Reference | Reference | ||
| No | 1.38 (1.24–1.54) | <0.001 | 1.09 (0.97–1.22) | 0.161 |
| Arrival in Peru of household head | ||||
| 6 or more years | Reference | Reference | ||
| Less than or equal to 5 years | 1.22 (1.01–1.49) | 0.045 | 1.02 (0.85–1.24) | 0.817 |
| Household members with health insurance | ||||
| Yes | Reference | Reference | ||
| No | 1.34 (1.06–1.68) | 0.013 | 1.05 (0.83–1.32) | 0.700 |
| Rented house | ||||
| Yes | Reference | Reference | ||
| No | 0.71 (0.51–0.99) | 0.045 | 0.78 (0.57–1.08) | 0.140 |
| Wealth tercile | ||||
| Lowest | Reference | Reference | ||
| Middle | 0.73 (0.65–0.82) | <0.001 | 0.74 (0.66–0.84) | <0.001 |
| Highest | 0.48 (0.41–0.56) | <0.001 | 0.50 (0.42–0.58) | <0.001 |
| Presence of children under 5 years of age | ||||
| No | Reference | Reference | ||
| Yes | 1.14 (1.02–1.28) | 0.021 | 1.05 (0.94–1.19) | 0.372 |
| Presence of an older adult (60 and over) | ||||
| No | Reference | Not included | ||
| Yes | 0.99 (0.81–1.21) | 0.886 | ||
| Household size | ||||
| Unipersonal | Reference | Reference | ||
| 2–5 | 1.11 (0.95–1.29) | 0.186 | 1.17 (1.01–1.37) | 0.042 |
| 6 or more | 1.27 (1.01–1.58) | 0.038 | 1.38 (1.10–1.72) | 0.005 |
| City of household | ||||
| Lima Metropolitana | Reference | Reference | ||
| Arequipa | 1.06 (0.86–1.32) | 0.573 | 1.21 (0.98–1.49) | 0.082 |
| Chiclayo | 1.37 (1.15–1.63) | <0.001 | 1.24 (1.06–1.46) | 0.008 |
| Chimbote | 1.13 (0.92–1.39) | 0.239 | 0.96 (0.78–1.17) | 0.661 |
| Ica | 0.71 (0.53–0.94) | 0.018 | 0.69 (0.53–0.90) | 0.007 |
| Piura | 1.13 (0.93–1.38) | 0.211 | 1.05 (0.88–1.25) | 0.607 |
| Trujillo | 1.08 (0.92–1.28) | 0.344 | 1.04 (0.89–1.22) | 0.598 |
| Tumbes | 1.58 (1.34–1.87) | <0.001 | 1.21 (1.05–1.40) | 0.008 |
Weighting factors and sample specifications of ENPOVE were included for all analysis. ENPOVE, Encuesta Población Venezolana; PR, Prevalence Ratio; aPR, Adjusted Prevalence Ratio; CI, Confidence Interval.