Figure 2.

Programmed cell death subtypes of hepatic cells, including apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and autophagy-mediated cell death. Apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis are programmed forms of cell death, while necrosis is unprogrammed cell death. Autophagy-mediated cell death should be defined when autophagic flux is raised without the involvement of other types of programmed cell death, and pharmacological or genetic inhibition of autophagy blocks cell death. DAMPs: Danger-associated molecular patterns; FADD: Fas-associated protein with a death domain; FAS: Fas cell surface death receptor; MLKL: Mixed lineage kinase domain-like; NLRP3: Nod-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3; PAMPs: Pathogen-associated molecular patterns; RIPK1/3: receptor-interacting protein kinase 1/3; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; TNFR: Tumor necrosis factor receptor. All cartoons in this figure were prepared using Biorender (https://biorender.com).