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. 2023 Jun 12;95(25):9520–9530. doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00772

Figure 3.

Figure 3

(A) Scheme of gold crystal modification. (B–E) Typical frequency (Δf) and dissipation factor (ΔD) changes recorded during the modification of the gold substrate with a cysteamine layer (B), appropriate antibody immobilization, and after its interaction with EVs (C–E). Top insets: dependencies of ΔD vs Δf of antibody covalent anchoring to the modified CSH layer Au crystal surface (green area of the plots) and Abs interaction with EVs in two extreme values of concentration (yellow area of the plots; the arrow shows the direction of concentration increase). Bottom insets: calibration plots. Experimental conditions: 0.01 M PBS-Gibco (pH 7.4), CAbs = 1.0 μg·mL–1, and CEVs: 6.1 × 104 to 6.1 × 107 particles·mL–1.