Table 1:
Risk of bias for individual studies.
| Selection bias | Detection bias | Confounding | Reporting bias | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||||||
| First-author (Year) | N | Participant characteristics reported | Gold standard used | Standardized conditions | Regeneration between tests | Familiarization performed | Sequence randomized | Controlled for sleep / PA | Effect size/ 95% CI | All absolute data | All times of day |
|
| |||||||||||
| Araujo (2011) [23] | 8 | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | unclear | yes | yes | yes | yes |
| Atkinson (1993) [24] | 14 | yes | yes | unclear | yes | unclear | unclear | yes | no | yes | no |
| Baxter (1983) [25] | 14 | no | no | yes | yes | unclear | unclear | unclear | no | yes | yes |
| Bernard (1998) [26] | 23 | yes | no | yes | yes | yes | yes | unclear | no | yes | yes |
| Bowdle (2016) [27] | 25 | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | no | no | yes |
| Buckner (2016) [28] | 7 | yes | yes | unclear | no | yes | unclear | yes | no | yes | yes |
| Callard (2000a) [29] | 6 | yes | yes | yes | no | unclear | unclear | unclear | no | no | yes |
| Callard (2000b) [30] | 7 | yes | yes | unclear | no | unclear | no | unclear | no | no | yes |
| Chtourou (2013) [31] | 10 | yes | no | no | unclear | yes | unclear | unclear | no | yes | yes |
| Coldwells (1994) [32] | 4 | no | yes | unclear | yes | yes | unclear | unclear | no | yes | yes |
| Deschenes (1998) [33] | 10 | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | unclear | no | yes | yes |
| Deschenes (1998b) [34] | 10 | yes | yes | yes | yes | unclear | yes | unclear | no | yes | yes |
| Deschenes (2002) [35] | 10 | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | no | no | no |
| Deschodt (2004) [36] | 11 | yes | no | yes | yes | yes | yes | unclear | no | yes | yes |
| Dolton (1997) [37] | 7 | yes | no | yes | yes | unclear | yes | unclear | no | yes | yes |
| Facer-Childs (2015) [38] | 20 | no | no | unclear | unclear | unclear | unclear | unclear | no | no | yes |
| Facer-Childs (2018) [39] | 56 | no | yes | unclear | yes | unclear | unclear | no | no | no | yes |
| Falgairette (2003) [40] | 9 | yes | no | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | no | yes | yes |
| Faria (1982) [41] | 31 | no | yes | yes | yes | yes | no | unclear | no | yes | yes |
| Freivalds (1983) [42] | 3 | no | no | no | no | unclear | unclear | unclear | no | yes | yes |
| Gauthier (1996) [43] | 13 | yes | yes | unclear | no | unclear | yes | yes | no | no | yes |
| Gauthier (1997) [44] | 14 | yes | yes | unclear | no | unclear | yes | unclear | no | no | no |
| Gauthier (2001) [45] | 8 | no | yes | unclear | yes | unclear | unclear | unclear | no | no | no |
| Ghattassi (2016) [46] | 12 | yes | no | yes | yes | yes | yes | unclear | no | yes | yes |
| Giacomoni (2005) [47] | 20 | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | unclear | no | no | no |
| Guette (2005) [48] | 10 | yes | yes | unclear | yes | yes | yes | unclear | no | no | yes |
| Hatfield (2016) [49] | 7 | yes | no | yes | yes | yes | yes | unclear | no | no | yes |
| Hill (1991) [50] | 6 | yes | no | unclear | yes | unclear | yes | unclear | no | no | no |
| Hill (2020) [51] | 14 | yes | no | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | no | yes | yes |
| Ilmarinen (1975) [52] | 6 | yes | yes | unclear | unclear | unclear | unclear | unclear | no | yes | yes |
| Ilmarinen (1980) [53] | 4 | yes | no | unclear | yes | unclear | no | unclear | no | yes | yes |
| Ishee (1986) [54] | 18 | no | no | unclear | yes | no | yes | unclear | no | yes | no |
| Jasper (2009) [55] | 10 | no | yes | no | yes | yes | unclear | unclear | no | yes | yes |
| Javierre (1996) [56] | 8 | yes | no | yes | no | no | yes | no | no | yes | yes |
| Kin-Isler (2006) [57] | 14 | yes | no | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | no | yes | yes |
| Kline (2007) [58] | 25 | yes | no | yes | yes | unclear | yes | yes | no | no | yes |
| Knaier (2019a) [59] | 17 | yes | yes | yes | yes | no | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes |
| Knaier (2019b) [60] | 19 | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes |
| Lyddan (1971) [61] | 10 | no | yes | no | yes | yes | no | unclear | no | yes | no |
| McGarvey (1984) [62] | 40 | no | yes | no | no | unclear | unclear | unclear | no | yes | yes |
| Melhim (1993) [63] | 13 | yes | no | no | yes | no | unclear | yes | no | yes | yes |
| Pereira (2011) [64] | 30 | no | yes | yes | yes | unclear | yes | unclear | no | yes | yes |
| Petit (2013) [65] | 13 | yes | no | yes | no | unclear | yes | unclear | no | yes | yes |
| Racinais (2004) [66] | 23 | yes | no | yes | yes | unclear | yes | unclear | no | yes | yes |
| Reilly (1984) [67] | 10 | yes | no | yes | yes | unclear | no | yes | no | yes | yes |
| Reilly (1990) [68] | 15 | yes | yes | unclear | yes | unclear | unclear | unclear | no | yes | yes |
| Reilly (1992) [69] | 12 | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | no | yes | yes |
| Reilly (2007) [70] | 8 | yes | no | unclear | yes | yes | unclear | unclear | no | yes | yes |
| Sargent (2010) [71] | 11 | no | no | no | yes | yes | unclear | yes | no | no | yes |
| Sedliak (2007) [72] | 11 | yes | yes | yes | no | yes | unclear | yes | no | yes | yes |
| Sedliak (2008) [73] | 32 | yes | no | yes | no | yes | no | yes | no | yes | yes |
| Sedliak (2011) [74] | 17 | yes | yes | yes | no | yes | yes | yes | no | no | yes |
| Sinclair (2013) [75] | 24 | no | yes | yes | yes | yes | unclear | unclear | no | yes | yes |
| Souissi (2004) [76] | 19 | yes | no | unclear | yes | yes | yes | yes | no | yes | yes |
| Souissi (2010) [77] | 20 | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | no | yes | yes |
| Souissi (2019) [78] | 15 | yes | no | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes |
| Strutton (2003) [79] | 6 | no | no | unclear | yes | unclear | unclear | unclear | no | yes | yes |
| Tamm (2009) [80] | 18 | no | yes | unclear | no | yes | unclear | yes | no | no | yes |
| Teo (2011) [81] | 20 | yes | no | yes | yes | yes | yes | unclear | no | yes | yes |
| Unver (2015) [82] | 25 | yes | no | unclear | yes | unclear | yes | unclear | no | yes | yes |
| Wyse (1994) [83] | 9 | yes | yes | yes | no | yes | unclear | unclear | no | yes | yes |
| Zadow (2018) [84] | 15 | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes |
| Zadow (2020) [85] | 19 | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | no | yes | yes |
Abbreviations: PA, physical activity; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval.