Table 1.
Baseline clinical characteristics by urea reduction percentage in hospitalized AKI patients
| Variable | Total | UXR 0% |
UXR 1–25% |
UXR 26–50% |
UXR >50% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total, n (%) | 651 (100) | 330 (50.7) | 137 (21.0) | 97 (15.0) | 87 (13.3) |
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 54.1 (18.5) | 54.0 (18.6) | 53.1 (19.4) | 53.9 (17.9) | 56.6 (17.3)) |
| Male, n (%) | 389 (59.2) | 196 (59.4) | 82 (59.9) | 60 (61.9) | 51 (58.6) |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 234 (35.9) | 126 (38.9) | 50 (36.5) | 38 (39.2) | 20 (23.0) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 231 (35.5) | 132 (40.0) | 48 (35.0) | 30 (30.9) | 21 (24.1) |
| Smoker, n (%) | 69 (10.6) | 30 (9.1) | 15 (10.9) | 13 (13.4) | 11 (12.6) |
| Hypothyroidism, n (%) | 19 (2.9) | 9 (2.7) | 1 (0.7) | 6 (6.2) | 3 (3.4) |
| Chronic kidney disease grade 1–4, n (%) | 171 (26.3) | 92 (27.9) | 43 (31.4) | 20 (20.6) | 16 (18.4) |
| Cerebrovascular disease, n (%) | 31 (4.8) | 14 (4.2) | 7 (5.1) | 3 (3.1) | 7 (8.0) |
| Ischemic heart disease, n (%) | 31 (4.8) | 20 (6.1) | 5 (3.6) | 3 (3.1) | 3 (3.4) |
| Medications during hospitalization | |||||
| NSAIDs, n (%) | 192 (29.5) | 95 (28.8) | 43 (31.4) | 31 (32.0) | 23 (26.4) |
| Antibiotics, n (%) | 479 (73.6) | 245 (74.2) | 101 (73.7) | 71 (73.2) | 62 (71.3) |
| Diuretics, n (%) | 252 (38.7) | 148 (44.8) | 51 (37.2) | 32 (33.0) | 21 (24.1) |
| Statins, n (%) | 94 (14.4) | 63 (19.1) | 18 (13.1) | 6 (6.2) | 7 (8.0) |
| Acetylsalicylic acid, n (%) | 58 (8.9) | 38 (11.5) | 11 (8.0) | 4 (4.1) | 5 (5.7) |
| AKI stages | |||||
| KDIGO-1, n (%) | 41 (6.3) | 19 (5.8) | 12 (8.8) | 6 (6.2) | 4 (4.6) |
| KDIGO-2, n (%) | 105 (16.1) | 56 (17.0) | 17 (12.4) | 15 (15.5) | 17 (19.5) |
| KDIGO-3, n (%) | 381 (58.5) | 186 (56.4) | 73 (53.3) | 61 (62.9) | 61 (70.1) |
| Acute on chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 124 (19.1) | 69 (20.9) | 35 (25.5) | 15 (15.5) | 5 (5.7) |
| Etiology of AKI | |||||
| Sepsis, n (%) | 299 (45.9) | 156 (47.3) | 64 (46.7) | 38 (39.2) | 41 (47.1) |
| Hypovolemia, n (%) | 150 (23.0) | 66 (20.0) | 34 (24.8) | 29 (29.9) | 21 (24.1) |
| Cardiorenal syndrome, n (%) | 99 (15.2) | 61 (18.5) | 23 (16.8) | 12 (12.4) | 3 (3.4) |
| Nephrotoxic drugs, n (%) | 40 (6.1) | 20 (6.1) | 7 (5.10) | 10 (10.3) | 3 (3.4) |
| Shock, n (%) | 170 (26.1) | 105 (31.8) | 26 (19.0) | 20 (20.6) | 19 (21.8) |
| Obstructive nephropathy, n (%) | 78 (12.0) | 29 (8.8) | 14 (10.2) | 15 (15.5) | 20 (23.0) |
| Serum urea, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 154.6 (81.9) | 166.6 (90.7) | 148.4 (75.6) | 145 (73.0) | 129.7 (54.5) |
| KRT, n (%) | 211 (32.4) | 102 (30.9) | 45 (32.8) | 31 (31.9) | 33 (37.9) |
| Cause of KRT | |||||
| Hyperkalemia, n (%) | 54 (8.3) | 30 (9.1) | 10 (7.3) | 9 (9.3) | 5 (5.7) |
| Metabolic acidosis, n (%) | 53 (8.1) | 29 (8.8) | 10 (7.3) | 10 (10.3) | 4 (4.6) |
| Fluid overload, n (%) | 85 (13.1) | 49 (14.8) | 14 (10.2) | 13 (13.4) | 9 (10.3) |
| Uremic syndrome, n (%) | 63 (9.7) | 25 (7.6) | 9 (6.6) | 12 (12.4) | 17 (14.9) |
| Hospital length of stay, days, mean (SD) | 5.7 (2.9) | 5.2 (3.1) | 5.6 (2.7) | 6.6 (2.8) | 6.6 (2.5) |
| Mortality, n (%) | 123 (18.9) | 92 (27.9) | 18 (13.1) | 8 (8.2) | 5 (5.7) |
Continuous data are presented as mean ± SD unless otherwise indicated; categorical data are presented as count (%).
NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; UXR, urea reduction.