Figure 2.

Diverse forms of context dependency in perceptual decision making. (a) Decision making is hierarchical in nature. Even for the simplest decision, the brain first chooses relevant stimuli, actions, solutions, and policies. (b) Adjustments in decision policy are often explained as changes in the parameters of decision-making models. Adjustable parameters of the bounded accumulation model are shown in red. (c) Post-error slowing is an example of policy adjustment. Slower reaction times after error trials (left panel) are explained by reduced sensory sensitivity and lower urgency. Correspondingly, LIP buildup activity decreases after error trials (right panel). Adapted with permission from Reference 50; copyright 2016 Elsevier. (d) Common task designs that test flexibility in stimulus-action mapping: (1) Change in relevant sensory modality or feature. (2) Change in effectors (e.g., saccade and reach; top) or reversal of stimulus-action mapping (bottom). (3) Change in categorization boundary. (e) Flexibility to adopt different solutions. For example, the same stimulus could be integrated, differentiated, matched to a template, and so on (top). More complex tasks that involve hierarchical inference, offer a rich ground for studying flexibility of strategy (bottom; adapted with permission from Reference 51; copyright 2021 Ariel Zylberberg).