Table 1.
A descriptive summary of the 20 include studies
| No | Author | Year | country | Study area | Sample size | R/rate (%) | The objective of the study | Domains of stigma | Tool | Stigma % (95% CI) |
findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
Abah S [59] |
2017 | Nigeria | Nigeria | 300 | 100 | Internalized stigma and quality of life among outpatients’ schizophrenia in kaduna |
Social withdrawal (16.7) Discrimination (14.1%) Alienation (13.9%) Stereotype (12.7%) |
ISMI | 27(16.8,37) | Unemployed (AOR = 2.39,95%CI,1.39,4.10) was associated with stigma |
| 2 |
Abd El-SD [60] |
2018 | Egypt | Tanta | 120 | 100 | Relationship between insight, self-stigma, and level of hope among patients with Schizophrenia |
Social withdrawal (30.8%) Discrimination (25.8%) Alienation (39.2%) Stereotype (40%) Stigma Resistance (20.8%) |
ISMI | 22.5(13,31.7) | |
| 3 |
Abiodun O [44] |
2010 | Nigeria | Lagos | 342 | 98.8 | Correlates of self-stigma among outpatients with mental illness in Lagos, Nigeria | ISMI | 21.6(12.5,30.7) | Unemployment (OR 3.85, 95% CI 2.55–7.00), poor social support (OR 10.82, 95% CI 4.85–24.84), longer duration of illness (OR 10.35, 95% CI 4.36–25.78) and having full insight into the illness (OR 4.23, 95% CI 2.16–8.76) was associated with internalised stigma. | |
| 4 |
Akinjola O [61] |
2021 | Nigeria | Lagos | 320 | 100 | Self-stigma in patients with schizophrenia in a psychiatry hospital in Lagos, Nigeria | ISMI | 25.3(15.5,35) | ||
| 5 |
Alem E [62] |
2017 | Ethiopia | Dilla | 317 | 100 |
Impact of self-stigma on quality of life of people with mental illness |
ISMI | 32.1(21,43) | QoL (OR = 0.041; 95% C. I: -0.065, -0.012). | |
| 6 |
Amany A [63] |
2019 | Egypt | Minia | 100 | 100 | Internalized stigma of mental illness and its relationship with self-esteem and social support among psychiatric Patients |
Social withdrawal (60%) Discrimination (61%) Alienation (60%) Stereotype (65%) Stigma Resistance (7%) |
ISMI | 41(28.5,53.5) | |
| 7 |
Babatunde F [45] |
2018 | Nigeria | Lagos | 370 | 100 | Internalized stigma in schizophrenia: cross-sectional study of prevalence and predictors |
Social withdrawal (20.8%) Discrimination (24.1%) Alienation (22.4%) Stereotype (8.6%) Stigma Resistance (28.1%) |
ISMI | 16.5(8.5,24) | Lack of formal education (OR = 3.908), absence of good social support (OR = 0.387), high psychopathology based on the BPRS-18 (OR = 1.156) were predictors of stigma |
| 8 |
Biksegn A [32] |
2018 | Ethiopia | Dilla | 317 | 100 | Internalized stigma among Patients with Mental Illness |
Social withdrawal (37%) Discrimination (35.2%) Alienation (36%) Stereotype (30%) Stigma Resistance (40%) |
ISMI | 32.1(21,43) | Being female (AOR = 0.11, 95%CI 0.09, 0.65 0.02, Nonadherence (AOR = 0.45 0.67, 0.95 0.03) |
| 9 | Dereje A [41] | 2012 | Ethiopia | Addis Ababa | 212 | 100 | Internalized stigma among patients with schizophrenia in Ethiopia: | ISMI | 46.7(33,60) | Rural residence (OR = 5.67; 95% CI = 2.30, 13.00; p < 0.001), single marital status (OR = 3.39; 95% CI = 1.40, 8.22; p = 0.019), psychotic symptoms (OR = 2.33; 95% CI = 1.17, 4.61; p = 0.016) were significant predictors of stigma | |
| 10 | Eba A [64] | 2020 | Ethiopia | Jimma | 300 | 98.7 | Self‑stigma and medication adherence among patients with mental illness | ISMI | 28(17.7,38) | 0.091, p = 0.009) and living with kids and spouse (std. β = − 0.099, p = 0.038) were negatively associated with self-stigma. WHODAS score (β = 0.501, p < 0.001), number of relapses (std. β = 0.183, p < 0.01) and medication nonadherence (std. β = 0.084, p = 0.021). | |
| 11 | Elias T [65] | 2020 | Ethiopia | St. Paul | 235 | 90.4 | Internalized stigma among patients with mood disorders in Ethiopia: a cross‑sectional facility‑based study |
Social withdrawal (26.4%) Discrimination (27.7%) Alienation (54.5%) Stereotype (21.7%) Stigma Resistance (54.9%) |
ISMI | 31.5(20.5,42.5) |
Females (std. β = 0.169 with P < 0.01), Adherence to medication (std. β = − 0.212, P < 0.01) history of suicidal attempt (std. β = 0.140), Being married (std. β = − 0.204), increment in age (std. β = − 0.200); |
| 12 |
Endaylalu D [66] |
2017 | Ethiopia | Addis Ababa | 114 | 100 | Prevalence and associated factors of internalized stigma among patients with severe mental disorders: | ISMI | 43(30,56) |
Experienced discrimination, r = 0.743, p < 0.05. duration of time living with the illness, r = 0.367, p < 0.05 self-esteem, r-0.486, p < 0.05. general self-efficacy = − 0.671, p < 0.05. |
|
| 13 |
Eshetu G [67] |
2013 | Ethiopia | Jimma | 422 | 100 | Self-stigma among people with mental illness: | ISMI | 25.1(15,35) |
Females (std. β = 0.11, P < 0.05) history of traditional treatment (std. β = 0.11, P < 0.05). level of education (std. β = −0.17, P < 0.01), supernatural causes of mental illness (std. β = 0.16, P < 0.01) |
|
| 14 |
Liyew A [68] |
2020 | Ethiopia | Jimma | 178 | 100 | The lifetime prevalence and factors associated with relapse among mentally ill patients. | ISMI | 30.3(19.5,41) | ||
| 15 | Shegaye S [43] | 2020 | Ethiopia | Addis Ababa | 418 | 98.8 | The magnitude of internalized stigma and associated factors among people with bipolar disorder |
Social withdrawal (26.1%) Discrimination (36.8%) Alienation (36.1%) Stereotype (17%) |
ISMI | 24.9(15,34.7) | unemployed (adjusted OR (AOR) = 2.3, 95% CI: 1.0 to 5.0), unable to read and write (AOR = 3.3, 95% CI: 1.05 to 10.7), poor social support (AOR = 5.3, 95% CI: 1.9 to 15.0), ≥ 4 previous hospitalisations due to bipolar disorder (AOR = 2.6,95% CI: 1.1 to 6.1) and low self-esteem (AOR = 2.4, 95% CI: 1.1 to 5.1) had a significant association with internalised stigma |
| 16 |
Temilola J [16] |
2014 | Nigeria | Abeokuta | 256 | 100 | Self-stigma, quality of life and schizophrenia: |
Social withdrawal (26.2%) Discrimination (25%) Alienation (24.6%) Stereotype (11.7%) Stigma Resistance (72.7%) |
ISMI | 18.8(10,27) |
low educational level (χ2 = 22.69, p < 0.001), unemployment (χ2 = 15.9, p < 0.001), low income (χ2 = 25.03, p < 0.001), source of income (χ2 = 12.52, p = 0.007) and severity of psychopathology (t = 8.245, p < 0.001). |
| 17 |
Victor M [69] |
2016 | Ghana | Kumasi | 31 | 100 | An explanatory model of psychosis: impact on the perception of self-stigma by patients in three sub-Saharan African cities | ISMI | 20.7(11.9,29) | ||
| 18 |
Victor M [69] |
2016 | Kenya | Nairobi | 30 | 100 | An explanatory model of psychosis: impact on the perception of self-stigma by patients in three sub-Saharan African cities | ISMI | 37.5(25.7,49) | ||
| 19 |
Victor M [69] |
2016 | Nigeria | Ibadan | 24 | 100 | Impact on the perception of self-stigma by patients in three sub-Saharan African cities | ISMI | 42.1(29.7,54.6) | ||
| 20 | Yadeta A [12] | 2020 | Ethiopia | Addis Ababa | 415 | 98.1 | Internalized stigma and associated factors among patients with the major depressive disorder at the Outpatient Department |
Social withdrawal (35.2%) Discrimination (36.6%) Alienation (37.6%) Stereotype (30.7%) |
ISMI | 33.5()22,44.8 | Being single (AOR = 2:54, 95% CI: 1.30, 4.95), having an illness greater than or equal to 2 years of duration (AOR = 3:21, 95% CI: 1.66, 6.19), history of suicidal attempt (AOR = 2:33, 95% CI: 1.35, 3.99), nonadherence to treatment (AOR = 2:93, 95% CI: 1.62, 5.29), poor social support (AOR = 4:72, 95% CI: 2.09, 10.64), and poor quality of life (AOR = 3:16, 95% CI: 1.82, 5.49) were significantly associated with high internalized stigma |
ISMI- Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness Inventory tool to measure stigma