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. 2023 Jun 28;14(1):58–80. doi: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2095089

Table 3.

Summary of organic pollutant biosensors with detection limits.

Pollutants Classification Configuration of biosensors
Detection limit Remarks Refs.
Sensing element Signaling element
Bisphenol A EDC Enzyme (tyrosinase) Amperometry/MWCNT modified 0.01 nM Promising reliable [146]
Bisphenol A EDC Enzyme biosensor Tyr – AuNPs/Graphite oxide 1 nM Excellent performanceLong-term stabilityPromising on-site analysis [147]
Bisphenol A EDC Labeled antibody Fluorimetry 0.014 μg L−1 Satisfactory repeatabilityGood agreement [148]
Bisphenol A EDC Sol–gel films Tyr/TiO2-MWCNTs-PDDA- Nafion/graphite 66 nM High sensitivity Good precision [149]
Estrogen
Estradiol
Phenol
Nonylphenol
Bisphenol A
EDCs Enzyme (tyrosinase) Amperometry 4.4 mg L−14.06 mg L−10.94 mg L−12.2 mg L−15.2 mg L−1 FastGood sensitivity [150]
Estrone EDC Labeled antibody Fluorimetry 0.2 ng L−1 Fast, sensitive, and cost-effective detectionA powerful tool in aquatic analytics [151]
Phenol EDC Whole-cell (Acinetobacter sp. DF4) Light emission/bioluminescence 2.5 mg L−1 Response to phenol-contaminated soils [152]
Triclosan EDC Molecular imprinting polymers (MIP) Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) 0.017 μg L−1 Excellent performanceFast, sensitive and simple nanosensor [144]
AtrazineBisphenol AEstroneIsoproturon HerbicideEDCEDCHerbicide Labeled antibodies Total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) 0.002 μg L−10.005 μg L−10.019 μg L−10.016 μg L−1 Low-costEarly warning application [153]
Propanil Herbicide Polyclonal IgG antibody Fluorimetry 0.6 ng L−1 Fast, sensitive, and cost-effective detection [154]
Acetamiprid Pesticide Electrochemical DNA Aptasensor Ferrocene (Fc)- based hollow polymeric nanospheres (Fc-HPNs) 3.3 × 10−7 nM Excellent sensitivity [155]
Carbaryl Pesticide Monoclonal antibody Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) 1.38 μg L−1 Useful and portable for on-line monitoring [156]
Organophosphorus (OPs) Pesticide A portable LIG-based electrochemical biosensor MnO2-bridged enzyme-aided signal amplification 1.2 μg L−1 Good performance for pesticideApplications in the environment and food safety fields [157]
Pyrethroid Pesticide Whole-cell and antibody Calorimetry 3 μg L−1 Simple and portable for on-site colorimetric applicationFunctional at least 90 days after lyophilization [169]
NaphthalenePhenanthrene PAHs DNA/Sol–gel array Fluorimetry 0–10 mg  L−1 Effective PAHs detection in water, and biological samples [158]
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) POP Whole-cell (Sphingobium xenophagum) Bioluminescence 10 nM Novel PBDE-specific sensing element [91]
PCB-28PCB-101 PCB Enzyme (peroxidase)/immobilized polyaniline modified Pt electrode Amperometry 0.016 μg L−10.019 μg L−1 Useful in POPs detection in landfill leachates [159]
TPH TPH Antibody and enzyme Immunoassay 25 mg kg−1 Quick on-site useDetect TPH in soil and water [160]

Remarks: TIRF: Total internal reflection fluorescence, SPR: Surface plasmon resonance, OPs: Organophosphorus, LIG: Laser-induced graphene, TIRF: Total internal reflection fluorescence, MIP: Molecular imprinting polymers, MWCNT: Multi-walled carbon nanotube, EDC: Endocrine disrupting chemical, PCBs: Polychlorinated biphenyls, POPs: Persistent organic pollutants, PAHs: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, TPH: Total petroleum hydrocarbons.