TABLE 1.
Effects of physical exercise on circulating extracellular vesicles in humans.
| Study | Subjects | Physical exercise | Extracellular vesicles |
|---|---|---|---|
| Frühbeis et al. (2015) | Healthy male subjects (n = 12, age = 41.1 ± 14.9) | 1-Cycling ergometer incremental test starting at 50 W and increasing power by 50 W every 3 min until exhaustion. 2- Treadmill running incremental test starting speed at 6 km/h and increasing velocity by 2 km/h every 3 min with a constant incline of 1.5% until exhaustion. | Cycling |
| ⇑ 2.7-fold NTA in small EVs count (Post-Ex) | |||
| ⇑ 5.2-fold in Flot1and Hsp/Hsc70 (Post-Ex) | |||
| Type: Acute endurance | Running | ||
| ⇑ 1.5-fold NTA in small EVs (Post-Ex) | |||
| ⇑ Flot1 (Post-Ex) | |||
| D’Souza et al. (2018) | Healthy male subjects (n = 10, age = 24.6 ± 4.0) | Cycling at peak power output - 10 × 60s intervals with 75-s rests between intervals. | ⇑ target miRNA (Post-Ex) |
| Type: High-intensity interval training (HIIT)—acute aerobic | ⇑ Muscle-, plasma-, and exosome-responsive miRNAs: miR-1-3p, -16-5p and 222-3p | ||
| ⇑ Muscle and plasma responsive miRNAs: miR-23a-3p, 208a-3p and -150-5p | |||
| ⇑ Muscle and exosome responsive miRNAs: miR- 486-5p, 378a-5p, 126-3p | |||
| ⇑ Exosome responsive miRNAs: miR- 23b-3p, 451a and 186-5p | |||
| Whitham et al. (2018) | Healthy male subjects (n = 11) | Cycling ergometer test for 1h - 30 min at 55%, 20 min at 70% and 10 min or until exhaustion at 80% of VO2 max. | ⇑ 2-fold NTA in small EVs count (Post-Ex) |
| Type: Acute endurance | ⇔ NTA small EVs count (4 h Post-Ex) | ||
| ⇑ 322 proteins isolated from EV (Post-Ex) | |||
| Lansford et al. (2016) | Healthy male and female subjects (Male: n = 16 M, age = 24.5 ± 0.8//Female: n = 10, age = 22.40 ± 0.52) | Cycling ergometer test at 150–200 W increasing by 25 W every 2 min until exhaustion. | ⇑ activated endothelial-derived vesicles in males by 107% (Post-Ex) |
| Type: Acute endurance | ⇑ Endothelial progenitor cell-derived vesicles in females by 253% (Post-Ex) | ||
| Helmig et al. (2015) | Healthy male subjects (n = 5) | Treadmill running incremental test. 1.5% inclination and starting with 6 km/h and increasing by 2 km/h every 3 min until exhaustion. | ⇑ Flot1and Hsp/Hsc70 (90 min Post-Ex) |
| Type: Acute endurance | |||
| Brahmer et al. (2019) | Healthy male athletes (n = 21, age = | Cycling incremental test starting at 40 W, increasing by 40 W every 3 min until exhaustion. | ⇔ NTA count of multiple EV subtypes |
| Type: Acute endurance | ⇑ SEC- EVs during exercise | ||
| ⇑ CD63, CD9, CD81 | |||
| Bei et al. (2017) | Healthy male and female subjects (n = 16, age = 54 ± 11) | Exercise stress test | ⇑ CD63 (Post-Ex) |
| Type: Acute aerobic | ⇑ release of circulating EVs (Post-Ex) | ||
| Karvinen et al. (2020) | Healthy male and female subjects (Males n = 3, age = 28.7 ± 5.7//Females n = 5, age = 24.8 ± 6.1) | Cycling ergometer incremental test at maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max) | ⇑ miR-21 levels in sweat EVs (Post-Ex) |
| Type: Acute endurance |