Fig. 4.

Application of concentrated heat reduces itch and pain following insect bites or stings. Data are presented as mean±standard error of the mean (SEM); multiple observations of the same participants were summarized using mean. Data shown as “0–1 min” includes all itch/pain-ratings ranging from directly after the treatment up to and including 1 min after the treatment. **p < 0.01; ****p < 0.0001; effect sizes CL_itch: 0.87, 0.77, 0.69 for mosquito, horse fly, bee or wasp; CL_pain: 0.53, 0.55, 0.62 (H₀:μ_Before ≤ μ_0-1min). NRS: numerical rating scale.