TABLE 1.
Descriptive characteristics of women in the Slone Birth Defects Study, 1976–2015, by congenital disability status
| n (%) | Congenital physical disability (n = 132) |
No congenital physical disability (n = 528) |
|---|---|---|
| Infant with congenital anomaly | ||
| Yes | 113 (85.61) | 373 (70.64) |
| No | 19 (14.39) | 155 (29.36) |
| Infant gender | ||
| Male | 75 (56.82) | 284 (53.99) |
| Female | 57 (43.18) | 242 (46.01) |
| Missing | – | 2 |
| Mother age | ||
| <20 | 9 (6.82) | 36 (6.82) |
| 20–24 | 31 (23.48) | 87 (16.48) |
| 25–29 | 36 (27.27) | 155 (29.36) |
| ≥30 | 56 (42.42) | 250 (47.35) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||
| Non-Hispanic White | 110 (83.33) | 400 (75.76) |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 10 (7.58) | 39 (7.39) |
| Hispanic | 10 (7.58) | 62 (11.74) |
| Other | 2 (1.52) | 27 (5.11) |
| Education | ||
| <12 years | 18 (13.64) | 59 (11.17) |
| 12 years | 36 (27.27) | 121 (22.92) |
| >12 years | 78 (59.09) | 348 (65.91) |
| Parity | ||
| 0 | 72 (54.55) | 219 (41.48) |
| 1 | 38 (28.79) | 202 (38.26) |
| 2 | 15 (11.36) | 78 (14.77) |
| ≥3 | 7 (5.30) | 29 (5.49) |
| Gravidity | ||
| 1 | 55 (41.66) | 158 (29.98) |
| 2 | 34 (25.76) | 166 (31.50) |
| ≥3 | 43 (32.58) | 203 (38.52) |
| Missing | - | 1 |
| Planned pregnancy | ||
| Yes | 65 (54.17) | 306 (63.75) |
| No | 55 (45.83) | 174 (36.25) |
| Missinga | 12 | 48 |
| Plurality | ||
| Singleton | 128 (97.71) | 510 (96.77) |
| Multiple | 3 (2.29) | 17 (3.23) |
| Missing | 1 | 1 |
| First prenatal visit | ||
| ≤ 8 weeks | 50 (57.47) | 193 (54.67) |
| > 8 weeks | 37 (42.53) | 160 (45.33) |
| Missingb | 45 | 175 |
| Delivery type | ||
| Vaginal | 63 (53.39) | 319 (67.02) |
| Cesarean section | 55 (46.61) | 157 (32.98) |
| Missingc | 14 | 52 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | ||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 8 (8.60) | 22 (6.03) |
| Normal (18.5–24.9) | 50 (53.76) | 217 (59.45) |
| Overweight (25.0–29.9) | 16 (17.20) | 81 (22.19) |
| Obese (≥30.0) | 19 (20.43) | 45 (12.33) |
| Missingd | 39 | 163 |
| Smoking | ||
| Yes | 49 (37.12) | 155 (29.36) |
| No | 83 (62.88) | 373 (70.64) |
| Alcohol (LMP – first trimester) | ||
| 0 drinks | 72 (54.55) | 304 (57.58) |
| <4 drinks | 44 (33.33) | 172 (32.58) |
| ≥ 4 drinks | 16 (12.12) | 52 (9.85) |
| Sexually transmitted infection | ||
| Yes | 2 (1.52) | 12 (2.27) |
| No | 130 (98.48) | 516 (97.73) |
| Vaginal infection | ||
| Yes | 22 (16.67) | 66 (12.50) |
| No | 110 (83.33) | 462 (87.50) |
| Kidney/bladder infection | ||
| Yes | 20 (15.15) | 46 (8.71) |
| No | 112 (84.85) | 482 (91.29) |
| Mother diagnoses | ||
| Spina bifida | 44 (33.33) | - |
| Cerebral palsy | 16 (12.12) | - |
| Muscular dystrophy | 14 (10.61) | - |
| Arthrogryposis/Contractures | 47 (35.61) | - |
| Other skeletal or connective tissue conditions | 11 (8.33) | - |
| Study center | ||
| Boston | 56 (42.42) | 224 (42.42) |
| Philadelphia | 29 (21.97) | 116 (21.97) |
| Toronto | 22 (16.67) | 88 (16.67) |
| Iowa | 1 (0.76) | 4 (0.76) |
| San Diego | 7 (5.30) | 28 (5.30) |
| New York | 15 (11.36) | 60 (11.36) |
| Nashville | 2 (1.52) | 8 (1.52) |
| Interview year | ||
| Before 1990 | 25 (18.94) | 100 (18.94) |
| 1990–1999 | 31 (23.48) | 124 (23.48) |
| 2000–2009 | 42 (31.82) | 168 (31.82) |
| During or after 2010 | 34 (25.76) | 136 (25.76) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; LMP, last menstrual period.
a
Question not asked 1976–1983.
b
Question not asked 1976–1983 and 1993–1998.
c
Question not asked 1993–1998.
d
Question not asked 1976–1992.