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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jun 29.
Published in final edited form as: Birth Defects Res. 2022 Jun 1;114(14):785–796. doi: 10.1002/bdr2.2048

TABLE 2.

Frequency of medication use during pregnancy in the Slone Birth Defects Study, 1976–2015; by congenital physical disability status

n (%) Congenital physical
disability (n = 132)
No congenital physical
disability (n = 528)
Difference in proportions
(95% CI)
Pain medications
 Any use 104 (78.79) 380 (71.97) 6.82 (−1.14, 14.78)
Aspirin
 Yes 18 (13.64) 69 (13.07) 0.57 (−5.95, 7.09)
Ibuprofen
 Yes 23 (17.42) 106 (20.08) −2.65 (−4.67, 9.97)
Naproxen
 Yes 7 (5.30) 11 (2.08) 3.22 (−0.79, 7.23)
Acetaminophen
 Yes 98 (74.24) 334 (63.26) 10.98 (2.47, 19.50)
Opioids
 Yes 16 (12.12) 31 (5.87) 6.25 (0.33, 12.17)
Psychotropic medications
 Any use 19 (14.39) 34 (6.44) 7.95 (1.61, 14.30)
Antidepressants
 Yes 13 (9.85) 16 (3.03) 6.82 (1.53, 12.11)
SSRI
 Yes 7 (5.30) 13 (2.46) 2.84 (−1.20, 6.89)
Benzodiazepines
 Yes 1 (0.76) 11 (2.08) −1.33 (−3.24, 0.59)
Barbiturates
 Yes 6 (4.55) 10 (1.89) 2.65 (−1.09, 6.39)
Antibacterial medications
Antimicrobials
 Yes 54 (40.91) 161 (30.49) 10.42 (1.16, 19.68)

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.