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. 2023 Jun 15;14:1211447. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1211447

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Copyright © 2023 Bleibel, Dziomba, Waleron, Kowalczyk and Karbownik.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Distribution and action of the psychobiotic bacteria-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) on the brain. Direct crossing of the blood–brain barrier appears to be the predominant way of EVs transport to the brain. Other routes include vagal nerve transport and activated leukocyte trafficking. According to the current evidence, EVs from psychobiotic bacteria produce antidepressant-like effect mediated by epigenetic upregulation of neurotrophic factors (e.g., brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF), modulation of serotonergic system expression, and possibly by supplementation the astrocytes with glycolytic enzymes (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, GAPDH). 5-HT—serotonin, and SERT—5HT transporter Created with BioRender.com.