Table 3. Characteristics of the selected studies on the profile of fatty acids in breast milk with omega-3 sources supplementation, 2000–2015.
| Authors | Type of supplement/food used as source of omega-3 | Amount offered | Placebo/control | Method used to evaluate omega-3 intake | Method to evaluate the amount of omega-3 present in HM |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Atalah et al5 | Milk drink made from powdered milk and hydrolyzed cereals enriched with microencapsulated vitamins, minerals and omega-3 fatty acids | 60 mg DHA + 14 mg EPA in 200 mL (2 kg/month) | Powdered milk | Food survey | Chromatography |
| Bergmann et al38 | Supplement based on acidified and flavored milk | Group 1: Basic supplement plus 4.5 g FOS Group 2: Basic supplement with FOS + 200 mg of DHA |
Basic supplement enriched with vitamins and minerals | NI | Chromatography |
| Boris et al27 | Fish oil | 900 mg DHA + 1300 mg EPA/day | Olive oil | NI | Chromatography |
| Bortolozo et al2 | Fish oil | 315 mg DHA + 80 mg EPA/day |
Maize starch | 24h reminder on alternate days of the week, including a weekend day | Chromatography |
| Dunstan et al20 | Fish oil | 2200 mg DHA + 1100 mg EPA / day | Olive oil | NI | Chromatography |
| Fidler et al17 | Oil rich in DHA (DHASCO)1 | 200 mg DHA / day | Mixture of soybean and corn oils | 7-day food record | Chromatography |
| Francois et al36 | Linseed oil | 10.7 g ALA | NI | Food survey | Chromatography |
| Gaete and Atalah1 | Food education | NI | NI | Food survey | Chromatography |
| Gaete et al31 | Canned fish(horse mackerel) | 160 g fish 2 times a week | Regular food | Food survey | Chromatography |
| van Goor et al39 | DHA + ARA capsules, DHA capsules | Group 1 = 220 mg DHA + 36 mg EPA + 220 mg ARA + 7 mg ALA + 46 LA Group 2 = 220 mg DHA, 34 mg EPA + 15 mg ARA + 32 mg ALA + 274 LA |
Soybean oil | NI | Chromatography |
| Hawkes et al40 | Tuna oil | Group 1 = 300 mg DHA + 70 mg EPA/day Group 2 = 600 mg DHA + 140 mg EPA/day |
Sunflower seed oil | NI | Chromatography |
| Imhoff-Kunsch et al13 | Seaweed oil | 400 mg DHA | Olive oil | Food survey | Chromatography |
| Jensen et al18 | Group 1: supplement made from algae with a high content of DHA Group 2: eggs with a high content of DHA Group 3: fish oil |
Group 1: 230 mg DHA/day Group 2: 170 mg DHA/day Group 3: 260 mg DHA/day |
Eggs | NI | Chromatography |
| Marc et al32 | Oil rich in DHA (DHASCO)* | 1200 mg DHA/day | No intervention | Food survey | Chromatography |
| Olafsdottir et al41 | Cod liver oil | 1107 mg DHA + 783 mg EPA/day | No intervention | 24h reminder + additional questions about fish consumption | Chromatography |
| Patin et al35 | Fried sardines | 4 kg of sardines (2 kg on day 0 and 2 kg on the 15th day) | The study had no control group | 24h reminder | Chromatography |
| Authors | Type of supplement/food used as source ofomega-3 | Value offered | Placebo/control | Method used to evaluate omega-3 intake | Method to evaluate the amount of omega-3 present in HM |
| Ribeiro et al30 | Fish oil | 0.72 g ω3/day | Primroseoil | 24h reminder | Chromatography |
| Sherry et al42 | Oil rich in DHA | Group 1: 200 mg DHA/day Group 2: 400 mg DHA/day |
NI | Food survey and 3-day food records | Chromatography |
| Smit et al37 | Oil rich in ARA and DHA | Group 1: 300 mg ARA/day Group 2: 300 mg ARA + 110 mg EPA and 400 mg DHA/day |
No intervention | NI | Chromatography |
| Smithers et al43 | Tuna oil | 900 mg DHA +195 mg EPA + 54 mg ARA / day | Soybean oil | NI | Chromatography |
| Valentine et al44 | Seaweed oil | 1000 mg DHA | Soybean oil | 3-day foodrecords | Chromatography |
| Weseler et al45 | Milk drink made from powdered milk enriched with LCPUFAs | Group 1: 200 mg ARA/day Group 2: 400 mg ARA/day Group 3: 320 mg DHA + 80 mg EPA |
Powdered milk | NI | Chromatography |
Abbreviation: ALA, α − linolenic acid; ARA, arachidonic acid; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; FOS, fructooligosaccharide; HM, human milk; LA, linoleic acid; LCPUFAs, long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids; NI, Not informed.
*
DHASCO is an oil derived from a single-celled alga, mainly containing DHA, myristic, palmitic and oleic acids.