Table 2. The association between caffeine intake and BMD in children and adolescence.
| Total spine BMD (g/cm2) | Total femur BMD (g/cm2) | Femur neck BMD (g/cm2) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 β (95% CI) P value | Model 2 β (95% CI) P value | Model 3 β (95% CI) P value | Model 1 β (95% CI) P value | Model 2 β (95% CI) P value | Model 3 β (95% CI) P value | Model 1 β (95% CI) P value | Model 2 β (95% CI) P value | Model 3 β (95% CI) P value | |
| Caffeine intake categories (mg/d) | |||||||||
| Q1 (0–1.5) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Q2 (1.5–13.5) | -0.0440 (-0.0646, -0.0234) <0.001 | -0.0041 (-0.0166, 0.0084) 0.5212 | 0.0015 (-0.0098, 0.0129) 0.7890 | 0.0405 (-0.0600, | -0.0058 (-0.0195, 0.0078) 0.4027 | 0.0003 (-0.0121, 0.0127) 0.9622 | -0.0343 (-0.0520, -0.0166) 0.0001 | -0.0039 (-0.0170, 0.0092) 0.5572 | 0.0028 (-0.0086, 0.0143) 0.6289 |
| -0.0210) <0.0001 | |||||||||
| Q3 (13.5–43.5) | 0.0054 (-0.0151, 0.0258) 0.6058 | -0.0017 (-0.0141, 0.0106) 0.7829 | -0.0025 (-0.0137, 0.0088) 0.6657 | 0.0010 (-0.0183, 0.0204) 0.9165 | 0.0000 (-0.0136, 0.0136) 0.9989 | -0.0009 (-0.0132, 0.0114) 0.8879 | 0.0048 (-0.0128, 0.0223) 0.5938 | 0.0045 (-0.0084, 0.0175) 0.4926 | 0.0035 (-0.0078, 0.0149) 0.5430 |
| Q4 (>43.5) | 0.1029 (0.0836, 0.1222) <0.0001 | 0.0081 (-0.0041, 0.0203) 0.1945 | 0.0065 (-0.0046, 0.0176) 0.2536 | 0.0760 (0.0578, 0.0943) <0.0001 | -0.0000 (-0.0135, 0.0134) 0.9942 | -0.0019 (-0.0141, 0.0102) 0.7552 | 0.0665 (0.0500, 0.0830) <0.0001 | 0.0038 (-0.0090, 0.0166) 0.5616 | 0.0016 (-0.0096, 0.0129) 0.7747 |
| P for trend | <0.001 | 0.158 | 0.72 | <0.001 | 0.786 | 0.359 | <0.001 | 0.344 | 0.777 |
Model 1 unadjusted. Model 2 adjusted for age, gender, and race/ethnicity. Model3 adjusted for race/ethnicity, gender, age, BMI, PIR, serum phosphorus, and serum calcium. Abbreviation: BMD, bone mineral density. BMI, body mass index. PIR, poverty income ratio.