Table 1.
Bivariable logistic regression model showing characteristics distinguishing adults without past-year benzodiazepine use from adults with past-year benzodiazepine use in the U.S.: 2015–2016 NSDUH (N=102,000a)
| Characteristics | Adults with Benzodiazepine Use Weighted % (SE) | Adults without Benzodiazepine Use Weighted % (SE) | Benzodiazepine Use vs. No Use OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||
| Sociodemographic Characteristics | |||
|
| |||
| Age | |||
| 18–29 | 10.4 (0.20) | 89.6 (0.20) | 0.7 (0.69–0.78) |
| 30–49 | 12.2 (0.21) | 87.8 (0.21) | 0.9 (0.82–0.92) |
| ≥50+ | 13.7 (0.29) | 86.3 (0.29) | 1.0 |
|
| |||
| Sex | |||
| Men | 9.5 (0.19) | 90.5 (0.19) | 0.6 (0.55–0.61) |
| Women+ | 15.3 (0.24) | 84.7 (0.24) | 1.0 |
|
| |||
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| NH white + | 15.4 (0.20) | 84.6 (0.20) | 1.0 |
| NH black | 7.2 (0.34) | 92.8 (0.34) | 0.4 (0.39–0.48) |
| Hispanic | 87.7 (0.32) | 92.3 (0.32) | 0.5 (0.42–0.50) |
| NH other | 6.6 (0.39) | 93.4 (0.58) | 0.4 (0.34–0.44) |
|
| |||
| Education | |||
| < high school+ | 9.9 (0.43) | 90.1 (0.43) | 1.0 |
| High school | 12.1 (0.29) | 87.9 (0.29) | 1.3 (1.13–1.39) |
| Some college | 14.1 (0.27) | 85.9 (0.27) | 1.5 (1.35–1.66) |
| College graduate | 12.3 (0.30) | 87.7 (0.30) | 1.3 (1.15–1.43) |
|
| |||
| Health insurance | |||
| Private only+ | 11.4 (0.19) | 88.6 (0.19) | 1.0 |
| Uninsured | 9.8 (0.38) | 90.2 (0.38) | 0.8 (0.77–0.92) |
| Medicaid only | 15.3 (0.43) | 84.7 (0.43) | 1.4 (1.31–1.52) |
| Other | 14.4 (0.37) | 85.6 (0.37) | 1.3 (1.23–1.41) |
|
| |||
| Marital status | |||
| Married+ | 11.4 (0.21) | 88.6 (0.21) | 1.0 |
| Widowed | 14.9 (0.81) | 85.1 (0.81) | 1.4 (1.19–1.56) |
| Divorced/separated | 17.2 (0.50) | 82.8 (0.50) | 1.6 (1.49–1.75) |
| Never married | 11.8 (0.23) | 88.2 (0.23) | 1.1 (0.99–1.11) |
|
| |||
| Employment status | |||
| Full-time+ | 10.3 (0.17) | 89.7 (0.17) | 1.0 |
| Part-time | 13.1 (0.39) | 86.9 (0.39) | 1.3 (1.22–1.43) |
| Disabled for work | 32.5 (1.07) | 67.5 (1.07) | 4.2 (3.80–4.66) |
| Unemployment | 12.7 (0.67) | 87.3 (0.67) | 1.3 (1.13–1.44) |
| Other | 12.4 (0.32) | 87.6 (0.32) | 1.2 (1.15–1.32) |
|
| |||
| Family income | |||
| <$20,000 | 13.7 (0.37) | 86.3 (0.37) | 1.2 (1.07–1.25) |
| $20,000–$49,999 | 12.6 (0.28) | 87.4 (0.28) | 1.1 (0.98–1.12) |
| $50,000–$74,999 | 11.9 (0.36) | 88.1 (0.36) | 1.0 (0.91–1.07) |
| >$75,000+ | 12.1 (0.25) | 87.9 (0.25) | 1.0 |
|
| |||
| Region | |||
| Northeast | 13.6 (0.39) | 86.4 (0.39) | 1.3 (1.20–1.45) |
| Midwest | 11.9 (0.30) | 88.1 (0.30) | 1.1 (1.03–1.24) |
| South | 13.5 (0.26) | 86.5 (0.26) | 1.3 (1.21–1.42) |
| West+ | 10.7 (0.33) | 89.3 (0.33) | 1.0 |
|
| |||
| Metropolitan statistical area | |||
| Large metro | 11.8 (0.22) | 88.2 (0.22) | 0.9 (0.83–0.97) |
| Small metro | 13.6 (0.27) | 86.4 (0.27) | 1.1 (0.97–1.14) |
| Non-metro+ | 13.0 (0.38) | 87.0 (0.38) | 1.0 |
|
| |||
| Health Indicator | |||
|
| |||
| Self-rated health | |||
| Excellent+ | 7.9 (0.26) | 92.1 (0.26) | 1.0 |
| Very good | 11.0 (0.22) | 89.0 (0.22) | 1.4 (1.32–1.57) |
| Good | 13.4 (0.29) | 86.6 (0.29) | 1.8 (1.67–1.98) |
| Fair/poor | 21.6 (0.59) | 78.4 (0.59) | 3.2 (2.94–3.55) |
|
| |||
| No. PY ER visits | |||
| 0+ | 10.6 (0.17) | 89.4 (0.17) | 1.0 |
| 1 | 15.8 (0.45) | 84.2 (0.45) | 1.6 (1.48–1.71) |
| 2 | 17.7 (0.61) | 82.3 (0.61) | 1.8 (1.67–1.99) |
| ≥3 | 27.9 (0.94) | 72.1 (0.94) | 3.3 (2.98–3.61) |
|
| |||
| Major Depressive Episode | |||
| Yes | 34.0 (0.82) | 66.0 (0.82) | 4.2 (3.91–4.56) |
| No+ | 10.9 (0.15) | 89.1 (0.15) | 1.0 |
|
| |||
| Suicide ideation | |||
| Yes | 31.2 (0.93) | 68.8 (0.93) | 3.4 (3.13–3.73) |
| No+ | 11.7 (0.15) | 88.3 (0.15) | 1.0 |
|
| |||
| Substance Use Problems | |||
|
| |||
| Tobacco use & disorder | |||
| PM nicotine dependence | 21.4 (0.51) | 78.6 (0.51) | 3.5 (3.16–3.76) |
| PY tobacco use, no dependence | 14.4 (0.32) | 85.6 (0.32) | 2.1 (1.97–2.30) |
| LT use, but no PY use | 13.1 (0.27) | 86.9 (0.27) | 1.9 (1.77–2.06) |
| Never tobacco use+ | 7.3 (0.21) | 92.7 (0.21) | 1.0 |
|
| |||
| Alcohol use & disorders | |||
| PY alcohol use disorders | 23.9 (0.73) | 75.1 (0.73) | 4.8 (4.23–5.45) |
| PY alcohol use, but no disorder | 12.4 (0.18) | 87.6 (0.18) | 2.2 (1.95–2.40) |
| LT use, but no PY use | 14.1 (0.44) | 85.9 (0.44) | 2.5 (2.22–2.83) |
| Never alcohol use+ | 6.1 (0.30) | 93.9 (0.30) | 1.0 |
|
| |||
| Cannabis use & disorders | |||
| PY cannabis use disorders | 30.4 (1.26) | 69.6 (1.26) | 5.1 (4.51–5.80) |
| PY use, no disorder | 22.8 (0.49) | 77.2 (0.49) | 3.5 (3.21–3.70) |
| LT use, no PY use | 15.3 (0.28) | 84.7 (0.28) | 2.1 (1.98–2.24) |
| Never cannabis use+ | 7.9 (0.17) | 92.1 (0.17) | 1.0 |
|
| |||
| Cocaine use & disorders | |||
| PY cocaine use disorders | 45.3 (3.44) | 54.7 (3.44) | 7.4 (5.62–9.69) |
| PY use, no disorder | 39.0 (1.47) | 61.0 (1.47) | 5.7 (5.03–6.45) |
| LT use, no PY use | 23.1 (0.54) | 76.9 (0.54) | 2.7 (2.50–2.86) |
| Never cocaine use+ | 10.1 (0.15) | 89.9 (0.15) | 1.0 |
|
| |||
| Heroin use & disorders | |||
| PY heroin use or disorders | 60.5 (3.21) | 39.5 (3.21) | 11.2 (8.59–14.53) |
| LT use, no PY use | 28.9 (1.67) | 71.1 (1.67) | 3.0 (2.53–3.50) |
| Never heroin use+ | 12.0 (0.15) | 88.0 (0.15) | 1.0 |
|
| |||
| Hallucinogen use & disorders | |||
| PY hallucinogen disorders | 56.0 (4.92) | 44.0 (4.92) | 11.3 (7.59–16.67) |
| PY use, no disorder | 34.6 (1.35) | 65.4 (1.35) | 4.7 (4.14–5.29) |
| LT use, no PY use | 22.9 (0.49) | 77.1 (0.49) | 2.6 (2.47–2.80) |
| Never hallucinogen use+ | 10.1 (0.15) | 89.9 (0.15) | 1.0 |
|
| |||
| Inhalant use & disorders | |||
| PY inhalant use/ use disorders | 34.3 (2.41) | 65.7 (2.41) | 4.1 (3.35–5.09) |
| LT use, no PY use | 24.3 (0.62) | 75.7 (0.62) | 2.5 (2.36–2.74) |
| Never inhalant use+ | 11.2 (0.16) | 88.8 (0.16) | 1.0 |
|
| |||
| Rx opioid misuse & use disorders | |||
| PY use disorders | 60.4 (2.27) | 39.6 (2.27) | 27.7 (22.75–33.69) |
| PY misuse, no PY use disorder | 36.1 (0.99) | 63.9 (0.99) | 10.2 (9.20–11.38) |
| PY use, lifetime misuse | 30.6 (1.25) | 69.4 (1.25) | 8.0 (6.99–9.10) |
| PY use, no lifetime misuse | 18.9 (0.34) | 81.1 (0.34) | 4.2 (3.90–4.57) |
| LT use, no PY use | 9.0 (0.25) | 91.0 (0.25) | 1.8 (1.63–1.94) |
| Never use+ | 5.2 (0.17) | 94.8 (0.17) | 1.0 |
|
| |||
| Rx stimulant misuse & use disorders | |||
| PY misuse & use disorders | 38.8 (1.24) | 61.2 (1.24) | 5.4 (4.84–5.99) |
| PY use, lifetime misuse | 39.7 (2.79) | 60.3 (2.79) | 5.6 (4.43–7.04) |
| PY use, no lifetime misuse | 29.7 (0.97) | 70.3 (0.97) | 3.6 (3.26–3.95) |
| LT use, no PY use | 21.6 (0.85) | 78.4 (0.85) | 2.3 (2.11–2.59) |
| Never Rx stimulant use+ | 10.5 (0.16) | 89.5 (0.16) | 1.0 |
a
SAMHSA requires that any description of overall sample sizes based on the restricted-use data files be rounded to the nearest 100, which intends to minimize potential disclosure risk.
Abbreviations: SE: standard error; OR=odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; NH=Non-Hispanic; PY=past year; PM: past month; LT=lifetime; and Rx=prescription.
Each bolded odds ratio or adjusted odds ratio is significantly different (p<0.05) from the corresponding reference group (with + sign).