Table 2.
Various methods for soybean-based peptide generation.
| Methods | Species for hydrolysis | Findings | Peptide structure | Type of the trial | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Microbial fermentation | Lactobacillus delbrueckii WS4 | The binding energy was −8.45 to −26.8 kcal/mol and −15.22 to −22.85 kcal/mol | KFVPKQPNMIL | In vitro | (49, 98) |
| Enzymatic hydrolysis | Corolase PP | The degree of hydrolysis enhanced to 18.9% ± 1.9 after 10 h, Significant increase in antioxidant and ACE inhibitory effects | FEITPEKNPQLRDLDIFLSI INAENNQRNFLAGSQDNVISQIPSQV FAIGINAENNQRNFLAGSQDNVISQIPSQV | In vitro | (99) |
| Enzymatic hydrolysis | Corolase PP | Showed protective effect against hypertension and potent antioxidant activity | IRHFNEGDVLVIPPGVPY, IRHFNEGDVLVIPPGVPYW, IYNFREGDLIAVPTG, VSIIDTNSLENQLDQMPRR, YRAELSEQDIFVIPAG | In silico | (100) |
| Enzymatic hydrolysis and lactic acid fermentation | Prozyme and Lactobacillus rhamnosus EBD1 | ACE inhibitory activity enhanced (60.8 ± 2.0%−88.24 ± 3.2%), moreover captopril showed an inhibitory effect (94.20 ± 5.4%) | PPNNNPASPSFSSSS GPKALPII IIRCTGC | In vitro | (101) |
| Microbial fermentation | Proteases and Enterococcus faecium | The ACE inhibitory ability increased from 15 ± 3% to 40 ± 2% by treating soybean with Prozyme 2000p while subsequent fermentation of the hydrolyzed samples by E. faecium further increased (80 ± 5%) and improved the antihypertensive peptides, phenolic compounds, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and antioxidants levels | ENPFNL EDEVSFSP RSPFNL SRPFNL | In vitro | (102) |
| Enzymatic hydrolysis and ultrasound pretreatment | Trypsin | Fraction < 5 kDa demonstrated the maximum inhibitory effect (0.27 mg/mL) and >5 kDa fraction resulted the least inhibitory activity (3.31 mg/mL) | Gly-Ser-Arg and Glu-Ala-Lys | In vitro | (103) |
| Pulsed electric field | 5 kV/cm, 2,400 Hz, and 2 h | DPPH remarkable enhanced (P < 0.05) to 94.35 ± 0.03%, while zeta potential decreased (0.59 ± 0.03 mV) | SHCMN | In vitro | (104) |
| Enzymatic hydrolysis | Corolase L10 (Cor), Promod 144MG (Prom) and Protamex (Prot) | IC50 amounts were 0.73 ± 0.11 to 3.54 ± 0.24 mg | LPQNIPPL | In vitro | (105) |
| Enzymatic hydrolysis | GI enzymes and Alcalase | Effectiveness in anti-proliferation against human blood, prostate cells, and breast cancer | KWKLFKKIPKFLHLAKKF | In silico | (75) |
| Ultrasound-assisted liquid-state fermentation | B.subtilis | Increase in ACE inhibitory, peptides content and biomass were 26.4, 36.2, and 55.0%, respectively | Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg | In vitro | (106) |
| Microbial fermentation | B.licheniformis KN1G, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens KN2G and B.subtilis (KN2B and KN2M) | Effective inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 S1 receptor binding domain and the modulation of Toll-Like receptor 4 | ALPEEVIQHTFNLKSQ | In silico | (16) |
| Microbial fermentation | Lactobacillus plantarum strain C2 | Maximum peptide showed in 10 kDa fractions and resulted in highest ace inhibition (73.35 ± 1.5), ABTS (1,831 ± 20.29 TEAC μm) and DPPH (50.74 ± 0.27%) effects. Total of 51 peptides discovered | ESYFVDAQPKKKEEGNK SLKVREDENNPFYFRSSNS HSYNLRQSQVSELKYEG NWGPLVNPESQQGSPRV | In vitro | (76) |
| Microbial | Lacticaseibacillus casei (NK9) and Lacticaseibacillus fermentum (M2) | Higher ACE-inhibitory (48.44%) and proteolytic activity (0.67 OD) is seen in soy milk fermented with M2 than NK9 (proteolytic activity: 0.48 OD and ACE-inhibitory activity: 41.33%) | SGLGRGWIDGDIGHGK SMEDMM VPVVLGSKNEVDYIK GYHYVGTLSGHTK VREDGV YCEIVPFQK TPPASWSKLGYK | In vitro | (107) |
| Enzymatic hydrolysis | Alcalase | Protect Caco-2 cells from H2O2-induced oxidative damage, and reduced ROS-mediated inflammatory reactions by preventing the interleukin-8 release | VVFVDRL VIYVVDLR IYVVDLR IYVFVR | In silico | (80) |
| Enzymatic hydrolysis | Pepsin, chymotrypsin, and trypsin | Showed no cytotoxic effects on HEK293 with IC50 value of 3.95 ± 0.11 mM | DMG | In silico | (108) |