Table 1.
The efficacy of oral Akkermansia muciniphila in T2D and related diseases.
| Disease | Efficacy | Mechanism | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Type 2 diabetes (hyperglycemia) | Blood glucose, insulin resistance, glycosylated hemoglobin↓ Insulin secretion, glucose tolerance ↑ |
GLP-1↑ FGF15/19↑ |
Depommier et al. (2019, 2020), Everard et al. (2013), Hanninen et al. (2018), Org et al. (2015), Perraudeau et al. (2020), Plovier et al. (2017), Yang et al. (2020), Zhao et al. (2017) |
| Type 2 diabetes (low-grade inflammation) | Metabolic endotoxemia, pro-inflammatory factors↓ Tight junction, intestinal barrier function, anti-inflammatory factors, goblet cells, Treg cells↑ |
Wnt3↑ AhR↑ Mucin2↑ |
Depommier et al. (2019), Everard et al. (2013), Grander et al. (2018), Plovier et al. (2017), Yoon et al. (2021) |
| Hyperlipidemia and obesity | Body weight, triglyceride, total cholesterol, chylomicrons, fat mass↓ Adipose thermogenesis↑ |
UCP1↑ FGF15/19↑ PLIN2↓ |
Deng et al. (2020), Katiraei et al. (2020), Shen et al. (2016) |
| Liver disease | Alanine aminotransferase, alanine transaminase, hepatic apoptosis, liver steatosis, adipogenesis, myeloperoxidase-positive neutrophils↓ Intestinal barrier function, lipid transportation and oxidation, hepatic L-aspartate↑ |
LKB1↑ FGF15/19↑ |
Everard et al. (2019), Juarez-Fernandez et al. (2021), Kim et al. (2020), Rao et al. (2021), Wu et al. (2017), Xia et al. (2022) |
| Cardiovascular disease | Atherosclerotic lesion formation, metabolic endotoxemia↓ | Gut barrier function↑ | Li et al. (2016) |
| Cognitive impairment | Hippocampal function, cognitive deficits, impaired spatial working memory, novel object recognition↓ Neuronal development and synapse plasticity↑ |
Unknown | Higarza et al. (2021), Wu et al. (2020), Yang et al. (2019) |
Research subject: Depommier et al. (2019) and Perraudeau et al. (2020) chose humans as the research subject, the rest chose mice as the research subject. Adopted A. muciniphila strains: Yang et al. (2020) and Wu et al. (2020) used strains newly isolated from human fecal samples; Deng et al. (2020) chose AmI (GP01) and AmII (GP25) separately, the rest used A. muciniphila MucT (=ATCC BAA-835 T = CIP 107961 T). Plovier et al. (2017) and Depommier et al. (2019, 2020) also used pasteurized A. muciniphila. Oral administration: By gavage or added A. muciniphila to sterile drinking water. GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1; FGF15/19, fibroblast growth factor 15/19; AhR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor; UCP1, uncoupling protein 1; PLIN2, perilipin2, LKB1, liver kinase B1.