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. 2023 Jul;29(7):1367–1375. doi: 10.3201/eid2907.221149

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Emerging Infectious Diseases is a publication of the U.S. Government. This publication is in the public domain and is therefore without copyright. All text from this work may be reprinted freely. Use of these materials should be properly cited.

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Antigenic difference of avian influenza (H5N1) virus isolates with H5 vaccine strains and protective efficacy of H5 vaccine against the challenge of H5N1 virus. A) Antigenic cartography of H5N1 viruses. The map was generated by using Antigenic Cartography software (https://acmacs-web.antigenic-cartography.org); 1 unit (grid) represents a 2-fold change in the HI assay results (Appendix 2 Table 7). B) HI antibody titers of vaccinated chickens against the vaccine seed virus and the challenge strain. C) Virus shedding from chickens on postchallenge days 3 and 5. D) Survival patterns of chickens in the vaccinated and control groups after challenge with the indicated H5N1 virus. EID₅₀, 50% egg infectious dose; HI, hemagglutination inhibition.