TABLE 1.
Characteristics of households and individuals in ultrapoor households and farm households.
| Ultrapoor households | Farm households | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Household characteristics | N = 4992 | N = 4000 | ||||
| No. of household members | 5.17 ± 1.58 | 5.46 ± 2.07 | ||||
| Female-headed household | 481 (9.6) | 158 (4.0) | ||||
| Household owns land | 1023 (20.5) | 3645 (91.1) | ||||
| Per capita monthly household expenditure (taka) | 1362.38 ± 513.09 | 3254.24 ± 1486.93 | ||||
| FCS | 47.31 ± 16.28 | 68.68 ± 17.03 | ||||
| Low FCS (FCS < 42)1 |
2276 (45.6) |
208 (5.2) |
||||
| Individual characteristics2 |
Men |
Women |
Total |
Men |
Women |
Total |
|
N = 5781 |
N = 7189 |
N = 12,970 |
N = 6016 |
N = 6838 |
N = 12,854 |
|
| Age (y) | 37.41 ± 14.97 | 33.04 ± 14.74 | 34.99 ± 15.00 | 37.85 ± 16.13 | 34.22 ± 16.27 | 35.92 ± 16.30 |
| Highest level of education achieved | ||||||
| No schooling | 3234 (56.0) | 3477 (48.4) | 6711 (51.7) | 1616 (26.9) | 1818 (26.6) | 3434 (26.7) |
| Completed preschool | 67 (1.2) | 71 (1.0) | 138 (1.1) | 34 (0.6) | 33 (0.5) | 67 (0.5) |
| Completed some or all primary school | 1545 (26.7) | 2058 (28.6) | 3603 (27.8) | 1874 (31.2) | 1751 (25.6) | 3625 (28.2) |
| Completed some or all secondary or postsecondary school | 934 (16.2) | 1583 (22.0) | 2517 (19.4) | 2492 (41.4) | 3236 (47.3) | 5728 (44.6) |
| PAL | ||||||
| Light | 1788 (30.9) | 3267 (45.4) | 5055 (39.0) | 2057 (34.2) | 4859 (71.1) | 6916 (53.8) |
| Moderate | 401 (6.9) | 89 (1.2) | 490 (3.8) | 109 (1.8) | 11 (0.2) | 120 (0.9) |
| Heavy | 3592 (62.1) | 3833 (53.3) | 7425 (57.2) | 3850 (64.0) | 1968 (28.8) | 5818 (45.3) |
| Literate (can read and sign name) | 2251 (38.9) | 3378 (47.0) | 5629 (43.4) | 4110 (68.3) | 4762 (69.6) | 8872 (69.0) |
| Age group | ||||||
| Adolescent (15–18 y) | 320 (5.5) | 380 (5.3) | 700 (5.4) | 404 (6.7) | 537 (7.9) | 941 (7.3) |
| Adult (19+ y) | 5461 (94.5) | 6809 (94.7) | 12,270 (94.6) | 5612 (93.3) | 6301 (92.1) | 11,913 (92.7) |
| Relation to the household head | ||||||
| Household head | 4215 (72.9) | 477 (6.6) | 4692 (36.2) | 3826 (63.6) | 155 (2.3) | 3981 (31.0) |
| Husband/wife | 15 (0.3) | 4462 (62.1) | 4477 (34.5) | 5 (0.1) | 3762 (55.0) | 3767 (29.3) |
| Son/daughter | 1025 (17.7) | 430 (6.0) | 1455 (11.2) | 1359 (22.6) | 394 (5.8) | 1753 (13.6) |
| Daughter-in-law/son-in-law | 27 (0.5) | 839 (11.7) | 866 (6.7) | 22 (0.4) | 1193 (17.4) | 1215 (9.5) |
| Father/mother | 313 (5.4) | 725 (10.1) | 1038 (8.0) | 373 (6.2) | 874 (12.8) | 1247 (9.7) |
| Father-in-law/mother-in-law | 27 (0.5) | 96 (1.3) | 123 (0.9) | 10 (0.2) | 51 (0.7) | 61 (0.5) |
| Brother/sister | 131 (2.3) | 59 (0.8) | 190 (1.5) | 325 (5.4) | 129 (1.9) | 454 (3.5) |
| Brother-in-law/sister-in-law | 131 (2.3) | 59 (0.8) | 190 (1.5) | 10 (0.2) | 179 (2.6) | 189 (1.5) |
| Pregnant | 81 (1.1) | 104 (1.5) | ||||
| Lactating | 4866 (67.7) | 3940 (57.6) | ||||
| BMI3 (kg/m2) | 20.6 ± 3.1 | 21.1 ± 3.6 | 20.9 ± 3.4 | |||
| Most common occupations | Agricultural day labor (25.2%) | Homemaker (34.7%) | Farmer on own land (31.4%) | Homemaker (60.2%) | ||
| Rickshaw/van pulling (8.2%) | Raising poultry (28.4%) | Sharecropper/tenant (16.5%) | Raising poultry (16.9%) | |||
| Sharecropper/tenant (8%) | Raising livestock (21.4%) | Agricultural day labor (7.2%) | Student (4.2%) | |||
Values presented are mean ± SD or n (%).
1
The Bangladesh-specific threshold for an “acceptable” level of food consumption is 42 of 112 [27].
2
Age, education level, and PAL were significantly different (P < 0.01) between men and women in both samples; literacy status was significantly different only in the ultrapoor household sample; BMI was significantly different in the farm-household sample (male anthropometric measurements were not taken in the ultrapoor household sample) (Transfer Modality Research Initiative study).
3
Anthropometric information was available only from 1619 men and 1859 women in the ANGeL sample.