Table 1.
General characteristics of the study population.
| Characteristic | Normal glucose metabolism (n = 3184) | Prediabetes (n = 671) | Type 2 diabetes (n = 869) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age (years) | 57.3 ± 8.5 | 61.3 ± 7.9 | 61.6 ± 7.9 | <0.001 |
| Sex (% female) | 56.8 | 46.1 | 36.0 | <0.001 |
| Education level, low/medium/high (%) | 26.6/28.5/44.9 | 36.4/27.7/35.8 | 41.2/28.9/29.9 | <0.001 |
| Glucose metabolism | ||||
| Fasting glucose (mmol/l) | 5.1 ± 0.4 | 5.8 ± 0.6 | 7.7 ± 1.8 | <0.001 |
| 2 h post‐load glucose (mmol/l) | 5.3 ± 1.1 | 8.2 ± 1.7 | 14.2 ± 4.0 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 35.1 ± 3.9 | 37.8 ± 4.4 | 50.0 ± 10.9 | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular risk factors | ||||
| Waist circumference (cm) | 89.7 ± 11.0 | 96.9 ± 12.0 | 103.0 ± 12.5 | <0.001 |
| Office systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 129.2 ± 16.2 | 135.4 ± 16.5 | 140.1 ± 16.9 | <0.001 |
| Office diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 74.7 ± 9.7 | 76.6 ± 9.6 | 77.2 ± 9.4 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension (%) | 36.8 | 59.6 | 77.8 | <0.001 |
| LDL (mmol/l) | 3.3 ± 0.9 | 3.3 ± 1.0 | 2.5 ± 0.9 | <0.001 |
| Total‐to‐HDL cholesterol | 3.5 ± 1.1 | 3.9 ± 1.3 | 3.7 ± 1.2 | <0.001 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 77.5 ± 12.9 | 77.1 ± 14.1 | 81.2 ± 18.8 | <0.001 |
| History of CVD (%) | 9.5 | 12.7 | 17.5 | 0.654 |
| Albuminuria, micro/macroalbuminuria (%) | 3.9/0.3 | 5.4/0.3 | 15.5/1.2 | <0.001 |
| Medication use | ||||
| Antihypertensive medication (%) | 19.6 | 39.8 | 64.3 | <0.001 |
| Lipid‐modifying medication (%) | 13.4 | 28.2 | 67.5 | <0.001 |
| Life style factors | ||||
| Smoking, never/former/current (%) | 42.5/45.8/11.7 | 34.9/53.4/11.7 | 35.2/50.8/14.00 | 0.0106 |
| Alcohol intake, none/low/high (%) | 14.5/60.2/25.3 | 17.0/56.7/26.3 | 26.0/56.0/17.9 | <0.001 |
| Brain MRI characteristics | ||||
| Estimated total intracranial volume (mm3) | 1472257.1 ± 148293.9 | 1455241.6 ± 138958.9 | 1455750.8 ± 138233.5 | <0.001 |
| Brain volume (mm3) | 1191747.4 ± 116151.6 | 1171788.1 ± 113658.1 | 1160039.5 ± 111192.3 | <0.001 |
| MRI lag time (years) | 1.2 ± 1.3 | 1.3 ± 1.3 | 1.3 ± 1.3 | <0.001 |