Table 1:
Human studies about abnormalities of adaptatitve immunity in IgAN.
| Authors | Classes of subjects | Principal findings in IgAN patients | |
|---|---|---|---|
| B cells and BAFF-APRIL axis | Xin et al. 2013 [48] | • 153 IgAN patients • 55 healthy controls • 20 disease controls |
• Higher BAFF levels compared with controls • Levels were associated with severity of histologic damage |
| Li et al. 2014 [49] | • 30 IgAN patients • 30 healthy controls • 30 minimal change disease |
• Positive correlation between serum levels of BAFF, TLR9 and IgA1 levels and mesangial IgA deposition density | |
| Zhai et al. 2016 [50] | • 166 IgAN patients • 77 healthy controls |
• Increased plasma APRIL levels • Positive correlation between plasma APRIL levels and gd-IgA1 levels • Higher expression of BCMA and TACI |
|
| Sallustio et al. 2021 [51] | • 44 IgA patients • 23 healthy controls • 22 non-IgA glomerulonephritis |
• Increased serum BAFF levels with positive correlation with specific microbiota metabolites • Increased serum APRIL levels • Higher levels of gut-homing (CCR9+ β7 integrin+) regulatory B cells. Memory B cells and IgA+ memory B cells |
|
| Zachova et al. 2022 [52] | • 30 IgAN patients • 30 healthy controls • 18 membranous nephropathy controls |
• Gd-IgA1 cells from IgAN patients express predominantly λ chains compared with controls • IgAN patient's blood was enriched with λ+ gd-IgA1, CCR10+ and CCR9 + cells, which preferentially home to the upper respiratory and digestive tracts |
|
| T cells | Sallustio et al. 2016 [68] | • 24 IgA patients • 24 healthy controls |
• Aberrant methylations in three regions involved in the response of CD4+ T cells • Higher IL-2/IL-5 ratio with Th1/Th2 imbalance |
| Yang et al. 2017 [69] | • 60 IgAN patients • 25 healthy controls |
• Lower levels of Th1 and Treg (with reduced levels of IFN-γ and IL-10) • Higher levels of Th2 and Th17 (with higher levels of IL-5 and IL-17) |
|
| Zhang et al. 2014 [70] | • 24 IgAN patients • 12 healthy controls |
• Higher % of CD4+CXCR5+, CD4+CXCR5+ICOS+, CD4+CXCR5+PD-1+ Tfh • Increased levels of IL-17A, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-10, IL-4, IL-21 • Positive correlation between CD4+CXCR5+PD-1+ Tfh and serum IL-21, gd-IgA1 and 24-h urinary proteins |
|
| Peng et al. 2013 [74] | • 32 IgAN patients • 32 healthy controls • 16 MPGN patients |
• Higher Th22, Th17 and plasma IL-22 • Positive correlation between Th22 and proteinuria |
|
| Lin et al. 2012 [75] | • 63 IgAN patients • 36 healthy controls |
• Decreased CD45−FoxP3high Treg • Increased Th17 and decreased Treg/Th17 • Positive correlation between Th17 and proteinuria • Increased IL-17A, IL-21, IL-23, IL-1β, IL-6 and decreased IL-10 |
|
| Gan et al. 2018 [76] | • 44 IgAN patients • 16 healthy controls • 5 renal carcinoma patients |
• Increased Th22 • Positive correlation between Th22 and MESTc score |
|
| Yang et al. 2015 [77] | • 20 IgAN patients • 20 healthy controls |
• Decreased iTreg • Reduced serum levels of IL-10, TGF-β, increased IL-17 |
|
| Huang et al. 2014 [79] | • 35 IgAN patients • 35 healthy controls |
• Decreased CD4+CD25+ Treg with negative correlation with IL-4 and proteinuria and positively with eGFR • Increased IL-2, IL-4, IL-6 |
IFN: interferon; MPGN: membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis.