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. 2023 Feb 27;28(7):841–846. doi: 10.1007/s10147-023-02313-1

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© The Author(s) 2023

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Fig. 1 — Evolution of the abdominal flap for breast reconstruction. a The transversely oriented abdominal musculocutaneous (TRAM) flap is transferred to the chest as a pedicled flap through a subcutaneous tunnel (yellow arrow). b The deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEP) flap is raised without sacrificing the rectus abdominis muscle. c The DIEP flap is divided into two flaps to reconstruct bilateral breasts. d The superficial inferior epigastric artery flap requires no incision of the rectus fascia